Roger  C. Schank       

 

......... Schank ´Â AI, learning theory, cognitive science, virtual learning envirnonments ÀÇ ±¸Ãà¿¡ À־ ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¸®´õÁß ÀÏÀÎÀÌ´Ù. °³³äÀÇÁ¸ ÀÌ·Ð (Conceptual Dependency Theory) ¹ß¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù ...........

±×´Â ÇöÀç Northwestern ´ëÇÐÀÇ John Evans Professor Emeritus in computer science, education and psychology À¸·Î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ Institute for the Learning Sciences À» ¼³¸³Çß´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â Yale ´ëÇÐÀÇ computer science °ú psychology ±³¼ö·Î ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ Yale Artificial Intelligence Project ¼ÒÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Paris VII ´ëÇÐÀÇ ¹æ¹®±³¼ö, Stanford ´ëÇÐÀÇ faculty member, ½ºÀ§½ºÀÇ Institute for Semantics and Cognition ÀÇ research fellow ·Î¼­ ÀçÁ÷Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×´Â AAAI ÀÇ fellow À̸ç Cognitive Science Society ÀÇ ¼³¸³ÀÚÀ̸ç Journal of Cognitive Science °øµ¿¼³¸³ÀÚ ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â University of Texas ¿¡¼­ ¾ð¾îÇÐÀ¸·Î ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Carnegie Mellon University ÀÇ School of Computer Science ÀÇ Distinguished Career Professor À̸ç Carnegie Mellon West ÀÇ Chief Educational Officer ÀÌ´Ù. 2000 ³â¿¡ ±×´Â Distinguished Contribution to Workplace Learning and Performance award of the ASTD À» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù.

±×´Â 1989 ³â¿¡ Northwestern ´ëÇÐÀÇ Institute for the Learning Sciences (ILS) À» Andersen Consulting ÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ¼³¸³Çß´Ù. ILS ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ½ºÅÇ°ú ±³¼ö, ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó, Àü¹®°¡, Çлýµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. Human learning ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÐÁ¦°£ ¿¬±¸¸¦ À̲ô´Â ±×ÀÇ °³³äÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °÷À̸ç, ±³À°À» À§ÇÑ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°í, ´ëÇп¡¼­ÀÇ AI ±â¼úÀ» ½Ç¼¼°è¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÀÌÇÏ´Â °÷À̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

±×´Â Socratic Arts ÀÇ CEO Àε¥, ±× ȸ»ç´Â Çб³³ª ´ëÇÐ ¶Ç´Â ±â¾÷¿¡¼­ ±³°ú°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ low-cost story-based learning À» ¼³°èÇÏ°í ±¸ÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. Socratic Arts ´Â customized degree and certificate programs À» °³¹ßÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´ëÇÐÀ̳ª ±â¾÷°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÛ¾÷ÇÑ´Ù. µ¡ºÙ¿©¼­ ±× ȸ»ç´Â ÁÖ¿ä ´ëÇаú Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© inventive senior years ¸¦ âÁ¶Çϱâ À§ÇØ °íµîÇб³¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÛ¾÷Çϴµ¥, ÀüºÎ on-line À» ÅëÇØ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù.

Socratic Arts ¸¦ ¼³¸³Çϱâ Àü¿¡, ±×´Â Fortune 500 corporations ¿Í Ivy League universities ¿¡ goal-based multi-media simulation training À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Cognitive Arts Corporation À» ¼³¸³Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. Cognitive Arts ´Â Northwestern ´ëÇаú Á¦ÈÞÇÏ¿© ILS ¿¡¼­ óÀ½ °³¹ßµÈ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ ÆǸÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´õ ÀÏÂî±â´Â ±×´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ È¸»ç Cognitive Systems, Inc. (Áö½Äº£À̽º ÀÚ¿¬¾î ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °÷) ¿Í CompuTeach, Inc. (°³Àοë ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ À§ÇÑ ±³À°¿ë ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ Á¦ÀÛ ÆǸÅÇÏ´Â °÷) ¸¦ ¼³¸³Çϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

±×´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ±³À°½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ ºñÆÇÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÇнÀ (Learning) ¹æ½ÄÀº, ÇൿÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹è¿ì°Ô²û µµ¿ÍÁÖ°í, ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ÇнÀȯ°æ¿¡¼­ ½Ç¼ö¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ°í, ÁöµµÇÏ´Â ±³»ç¿Í war stories ¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀº °­·ÂÇÏ°í È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¸ÖƼ¹Ìµð¾î ÇнÀÅø »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±³»ç, »ó´ãÀÚ, °­»ç ·Î¼­ ¾ÆÁÖ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çß´Ù.

±×´Â AI ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ¼¼°èÀû ¿¬±¸ÀÚÀ̸鼭 cognitive learning theory À» ±³À°¿¡ ÀÀ¿ëÇϴµ¥ ÁÖ·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Ã¥À» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© 25 ±Ç ÀÌ»óÀÇ Àú¼­°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Ã¥Àº 'Designing World-Class E-Learning' À¸·Î¼­ 2001 ³â¿¡ McGraw-Hill ¿¡¼­ Ãâ°£Çß´Ù.

¿ªµ¿Àû ±â¾ï : ¼­·Ð   »ý°¢³ª±â¿Í ±â¾ï : ........ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ÃÊÆÇÀº ÀΰøÁö´É (Artificial Intelligence) ¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̹ø ÆÇÀº ±³À°¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô °¡´ÉÇÑÁö¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ´Â ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù. µµ´ëü ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¾î´À ¸é¿¡¼­µç °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ Àִ°¡? ³ªÀÇ ´äÀº "±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù´Â °Í" ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹°·Ð ³ª´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢À» ¹Ýµå½Ã º¹À½°ú °°Àº Áø¸®·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °øÅë¿ä¼Ò´Â ÇнÀ (Learning) ÀÌ´Ù. ÇнÀÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Áö´ÉÀû ±â°èµµ Áö´ÉÀû Àΰ£µµ Á¸ÀçÇÒ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Dynamic memory ÃÊÆÇÀÇ ºÎÁ¦´Â "ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ »ý°¢³ª±â¿Í ÇнÀ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·Ð (a theory of reminding and learning in computers and people) À̾ú´Ù. 1970 ³â´ë ÈĹݰú 1980 ³â´ë Ãʹݿ¡ ³ª´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ Àΰ£ ¸øÁö ¾Ê°Ô Áö´ÉÀûÀϼö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢¿¡ ¸Å·áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÀÇ °¡Á¤Àº ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¼­ Áö´ÉÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°Ü¸Ô¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ ³¾¼ö¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡°Ô »ç¶÷À» ¸ðÇüÈ­ Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. °úÁ¤À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ »ó¼¼È­ ÇÏ¸é ±× Áï½Ã Áö´ÉÀû ±â°è°¡ ¸¸µé¾î Áø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×·¯ÇÑ °ßÁö¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

1981³â ÀÌ·¡·Î AI ¿¡¼­´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ ±â´ëÇÑ °Í¸¸Å­ ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ´Þ¼ºµÇÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ªµ¿Àû ±â¾ï, Áï ½Ã°£ÀÌ °æ°úÇϸ鼭 °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ º¯ÇÏ´Â ±â¾ïÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ñÇ¥´Â ´Þ¼ºÇϱⰡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù. °¡Àå Å« ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±â¾ïÀÇ ±¸Á¶°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»¿ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ±â¾ïÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô üÁ¦È­ µÇ´Â Áö¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î ¹®Á¦À̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌÇØ ÀÚü°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿ªµ¿Àû ±â¾ïÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ã¾Æ³»´Â ÀÛ¾÷Àº Âø¼öÁ¶Â÷ ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ½ÇÁ¦·Î Douglas Lenat °¡ ½ÃµµÇß´ø °Íó·³ ¾î¸¥ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ »ç½ÇµéÀ» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ±â¼úÇØ º¸°íÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¹®Á¦´Â ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½Ç¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë, ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ¼ö ¸¹Àº °æÇèÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °æÇèµéÀº ¿À·£ ½Ã°£¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ßÇظ¦ ¼öÁ¤½ÃÄÑ ¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Á¤¸»·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡´Â 5 »ì ¶§ ¿ì¸®Áý ÀÚ°¡¿ë µÞÁ¼®¿¡¼­ ³ª´ø ³¿»õ, ½Ê´ëÀÏ ¶§ µ¥ÀÌÆ® »ó´ë¸¦ Á¦´ë·Î ´Ù·çÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´ø ÀÏ, ±×¸®°í ³ë»ó¿¡¼­ ¹ÙÄû¸¦ °¥¾Æ³¢¿ì´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢Àº ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ °¢°¢ÀÇ °æÇèÀº ¾î¶² °³ÀÎÀ̳ª ¹®Á¦ ¶Ç´Â ÀλýÀÇ °ú¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇèÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. °¢ °æÇèÀº ´Ù¸¥ °æÇè¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¸ç ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁØ´Ù......

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ÀΰøÁö´É (Artificial Intelligence)   ÀÎÁö°úÇÐ (Cognitive Science)   ¾ð¾îÇÐ (Linguistics)   ±â¾ï (Memory)   ÇнÀ (Learning)   °³³äÀÇÁ¸ ÀÌ·Ð (Conceptual Dependency Theory)   Roger Schank

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