John McCarthy

 

(1927~2011   ¹Ì±¹ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°úÇÐÀÚ, Artificial Intelligence ¿ë¾î ÃÖÃÊ»ç¿ë)  

 

AI °øºÎ¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ¼öÇÐ, ƯÈ÷ ¼ö¸® ³í¸®ÇÐ ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±íÀÌÀÖ´Â Áö½ÄÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í, »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Á¢±ÙÀ» À§ÇØ ½É¸®ÇР°ú ½Å°æ°èÅëÀÇ »ý¸®ÇÐ ÀÌ °øºÎµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.  ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ C,  Lisp, Prolog  ¿Í  ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ±â°è¾î¸¦ ¹è¿ö¾ß Çϸç, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â C++, Java ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ...... (What is AI ? : John McCarthy)

AI ¿¬±¸ÀÚµé Áß¿¡¼­ "¿øÁ¶"¶ó°í Çϸé, ´Ü¿¬ ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇÐÀÇ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ÃÖÃÊ·Î " Artificial Intelligence" À̶ó´Â ¸»À» ¸¸µé¾î³»°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀ» 1956³â¿¡ °³ÃÖµÈ ´ÙÆ®¸Ó½º ȸÀÇÀÇ È¸ÀǸíÀ¸·Î ÁöÁ¤Çß´Ù. "¾Æ¹öÁö"°°Àº ÀλóÀ» dz±â´Â ¸ÚÁø ¹é¹ß°ú ¼ö¿°, ±×¸®°í ±Ù¾öÇÑ ¾ó±¼ Ç¥Á¤ÀÌ ÀÚ¸ø À§¾öÀÌ ÀÖ¾î º¸ÀÌ´Â ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ¸Þ»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÁÖÀÇ º¸½ºÅÏ¿¡¼­ 1927³â 9¿ù¿¡ ž´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á¤·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î ³í¹®À» ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. AI ÀÇ ÃÊâ±â ¿¬±¸ÀÚµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Á¤·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î È°µ¿À» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ª½Ã ¸ÅÄ«½Ã¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇؼ­ Marvin Minsky ¿Í Allen Newell À» ²ÅÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. .... (±èÇö¼÷)

1927 ³â º¸½ºÅæ¿¡¼­ Ãâ»ýÇÏ¿© LA ÀÇ °íµîÇб³ (1943),  California Institute of Technology ¿¡¼­ ¼öÇÐÀü°øÀ¸·Î Çлç (1948), Princeton ´ëÇп¡¼­ ¼öÇйڻç (1951) ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¶¤´Ù. ÇöÀç´Â Stanford ´ëÇÐÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°úÇаú (Stanford Computer Science) ¸í¿¹±³¼öÀÌ´Ù. .......1948 ³âºÎÅÍ AI ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³°í, 1955 ³â¿¡ ÀΰøÁö´É (Artificial Intelligence) ¶ó´Â ¸»À» ¸¸µé¾î³Â´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ AI ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß´Â »ó½Ä (Commonsense Knowledge) ÀÇ Çü½ÄÈ­ (formalization) ¿Í Ãß·Ð (Reasoning) ÀÌ´Ù. 1958 ³â¿¡ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¾ð¾î Lisp À» ¹ß¸íÇß°í, 50 ¿¬´ë¸»¿¡¼­ 60 ³â´ë Ãʱ⿡ ½ÃºÐÇÒ (time-sharing) °³³äÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù.  60 ¿¬´ëÃÊ ÀÌÈÄ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ Àü¹®¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´Â (meet their specifications) °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇØ¿Ô´Ù. 1978 ³â¿¡´Â ºñ´ÜÁ¶ Ãß·Ð (Nonmonotonic Reasoning) ÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÈ­ (Circumscription) ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹ß¸íÇß´Ù. .........  1971 ³â¿¡ A.M. Turing Award »óÀ» ¼ö»óÇÏ°í 1983~84 ³â¿¡ AAAI ÀÇ È¸ÀåÀ» Áö³ÂÀ¸¸ç ÇöÀç Fellow ·Î ÀÖ´Ù. 1985 ³â¿¡ International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence¿¡¼­ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Research Excellence Award ¸¦ ¼ö»óÇÏ°í .... (Wikipedia)

... ±×ÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ±×¶§³ª Áö±ÝÀ̳ª º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ 'Àΰ£°ú °°Àº Áö´ÉÀ» °®Ãá ±â°è¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â °Í' ÀÌ´Ù. ..... ±×´Â 1959 ³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ '»ó½ÄÀ» Áö´Ñ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé (Programs with Common Sense)' À̶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ ³í¹®À» ÅëÇØ ±× ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ °¥°í ´Ùµë¾ú´Ù. ±× ³í¹®Àº ¸ÅÄ¿½Ã°¡ ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È Ãß±¸ÇØ ¿Â °Í, Áï »ó½ÄÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀÇ Ã߷п¡ ¼öÇÐÀÇ Á¤¹Ð¼ºÀ» Àû¿ë½ÃÅ°·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´ø ³ë·ÂÀÇ Ãâ¹ßÁ¡À̾ú´Ù.

¸ÅÄ¿½Ã´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ó½ÄÀ» Áö´Ñ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº '¸í·É¹ÞÀº ¾î¶² °Í°ú ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÇ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ °á°úµéÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ³ÐÀº ¹üÀ§¿¡¼­ ÀÚüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬¿ª(Deduction)' ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̶ó´Â ³»¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù ..... 1959 ³âÀÇ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â 'Á¤½Å ¹Ú¾àÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é ´©±¸³ª ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¸¸Å­ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¾î¶² Ãʺ¸Àû ¾ð¾î Ãß·Ð °úÁ¤À» ¼öÇà' ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â°è¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â µ¥ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× Ç¥Çö´ë·Î¶ó¸é ÀÌ °ú¾÷Àº »ó´çÈ÷ ½ÇÇö °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ µé¸°´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× ¸ñÇ¥´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ä¿øÇÑ »óÅ·Π³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. .....

±×·¯³ª ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öõ¸¸ °¡Áö »ç½Ç°ú ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ºÎȣȭÇÑ Douglas Lenat ÀÇ Cyc ó·³ ±íÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ°í ±× Æøµµ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¶ó¸é °áÄÚ ´Þ°©Áö ¾ÊÀº ¸¹Àº ¾î·Á¿òµé¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×ó·³ ³í¸® (Logic) ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌµç ¸ÅÄ¿½ÃÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ Åä´ë·Î ÀÛ¼ºµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. .... (Dennis Shasha)

term :

John McCarthy    ÀΰøÁö´É (Artificial Intelligence)   LISP   Á¦ÇÑÈ­ (Circumscription)   »ó½Ä (Commonsense Knowledge)

site :

John McCarthy : Stanford Computer Science  

Wikipedia : John McCarthy

1971 Turing Award : John McCarthy ... Lecture

paper :

ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ? (What is AI ?) : John McCarthy

Á¸ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã : ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? : ±èÇö¼÷

Á¸ ¸ÅÄ¿½Ã : ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ¸¸µç 15 ÀÎÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ : Dennis Shasha. Cathy Lazere

video :

Artificial Intelligence (complete) - Jeffrey Mishlove : Thinking Allowed : John McCarthy, 2011/11/03

The Origins and Nature of Computation / Formalizing Common Sense Knowledge in Mathematical Logic : John McCarthy, 2011/08/07

 

John McCarthy, on Philosophy of AI (Philosophy of Information Workshop) : Pieter Adriaans : 2005