Herbert A. Simon

(1916 ~ 2001)

ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ : ±èÇö¼÷, Å©¶ó¿îÃâÆÇ»ç, 1997, Page 297~300

»çÀ̸ÕÀº ´©°¡ ¹¹¶óÇصµ AI ¿¬±¸ÀÇ È²Á¦ÀÌ¸ç ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀ» ÈÖÇÏ¿¡ °Å´À¸®°í Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ±æ·¯³Â´Ù. »çÀ̸ÕÀº Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ ±³¼ö¿´À¸¸ç, ÀαâÅ¿ÀÎÁö º°È£µµ ¿©·¯ °³¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. 1978 ³â¿¡´Â ³ëº§ °æÁ¦ÇлóÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.  "satisficing" À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø AI ÀÇ ±âÃÊÁß ÇϳªÀÎ bounded rationality ÀÌ·Ð À¸·Î ¼ö»óÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

»çÀ̸ÕÀÇ Çй®ÀûÀÎ ¾÷ÀûÀº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ÆøÀÌ ³Ð¾î¼­ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© ½É¸®Çаú »çȸÇÐÀ» µÎ·ç ¼··ÆÇÏ°í, °Ô´Ù°¡ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇп¡µµ ÁßÁøÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¿ªÈ°À» ÅåÅåÈ÷ ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× µ¿¾È ¼ö¸¹Àº ±ÍÁßÇÑ ³í¹®µéÀ» ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ±× Ư¡Àº [Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¤º¸Ã³¸® °úÁ¤¿¡ À־ÀÇ Rationality ÀÇ Ãß±¸]¶ó´Â ¸»·Î Áý¾à½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°´Ù. ÇÕ¸®¼º (Rationality) ¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ±× Àǹ̸¦ ´ÜÁ¤Áþ±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ¸»ÀÌÁö¸¸, [¾î¶² ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿ø¸®ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ÀÏ°üµÈ ü°è¸¦ °®Ãá »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀ̳ª Çൿ±Ô¹ü]À» º¸À̸ç, ÇÕ¸®¼ºÀ̶óµç°¡, À̼ºÁÖÀǶó°í ¹ø¿ªÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°´Ù.

¾î¶»µç, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼±Åÿ¡ À־ÀÇ Rationality ·Î¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í Àִ°¡¿¡¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇÏ°í, Àΰ£ ±â¾ïÀÇ Àü·«ÀûÀÎ Á¦¾î, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ÇнÀ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º(Process)ÀÇ ¼öÇÐ ¸ðµ¨, ±×¸®°í À̵éÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϵµ·Ï Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÇØ°á¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸ ó¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨È­°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÈÄ¿¡ Rationality ÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌ Rationality ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿÀ̳ª ó¸® ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â º¹ÀâÇÏ°í ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â 󸮸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò·Î¼­´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ °¡Á¤À» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇൿÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ°íÀÚÇÏ´Â ¸î °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ã¾Æ³»´Âµ¥ À־ ³Ê¹« º¹ÀâÇϴٴ öÀúÇÑ Rationality ÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ »çÀ̸ÕÀÇ Àú¼­ "The Sciences of the artificial" (The MIT Press, 1981) ¿¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ªÀÖ´Ù.

»çÀ̸ÕÀÌ 1977³â °¡À»¿¡ ¿¹ÀÏ ´ëÇп¡¼­ ÇàÇÑ Carl I. Hovland ÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð¸®¾ó °­¿¬À» Á¤¸®ÇÑ "Models of Thought (»ç°íÀÇ ¸ðµ¨)" (Yale Univ. Press, 1979) ¿¡¼­´Â »çÀÌ¸Õ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿¬±¸¾÷ÀûÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ°í Àִµ¥ ±× ±¸¼ºÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

   (1) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ø¸®    : Àΰ£ÀÇ °æÁ¦ÇൿÀ» ´Ù·é °Í
   o A Behavioral model of rational choice (1955)
   o Rational Choice and the structure of environment (1956)
   o Motivational and emotional controls of cognition (1967)

   (2) ±â¾ïÀÇ ±¸Á¶   : Àΰ£ÀÇ ±â¾ï ¿ë·®À̳ª ±â¾ïÀÇ Àü·«¿¡ °üÇؼ­
   o Amounts of fixation and discovery in maze learning behavior (1957)
   o How big is a chunk? (1974)
   o The information storage system called "Human Memory" (1976)
   o A program modeling short - term memory under strategy control (1976)

   (3) ÇнÀ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º   : ½É¸®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ÇнÀ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ̳ª ¼öÇÐÀû ¸ðµ¨
   o A theory of the serial position effect (1962)
   o Effects of similarity, familiarization and meaningfulness in verbal learning (1964)
   o One-trial and incremental learning (1964)
   o A note on mathematical models for learning (1962)
   o A note Jost's law and exponential forgetting (1966)

   (4) ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á   : ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°áÀÇ Á¤½ÄÈ­
   o The processes of creative thinking (1962)
   o Trial and error search in solving difficult problems (1962)
   o A chess matching combinations program (1966)
   o Cognitive processes in solving algebra word problems (1966)
   o The functional equivalence of problem solving skills (1975)
   o Modeling strategy shifts in a problem solving task (1976)

   (5) ±ÔÄ¢ÀÇ ±Í³³°ú °³³äÇü¼º
   o Human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns (1963)
   o Empirical tests of a theory of human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns (1973)
   o Complexity and the representation of patterned sequences of symbols (1972)
   o Process models and stochastic theories of simple concept formation (1968)
   o Problem solving and rule induction (1974)

   (6) Áö°¢
   : Áö°¢ÀÇ ½É¸®Çаú ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á°úÀÇ °ü°è
   o An information processing explanation of some perceptual phenomena (1967)
   o Information processing analysis of perceptual processes in Problem solving (1969)
   o A simulation of memory for chess positions (1973)
   o Perception in chess (1973)
   o Alternative uses of phonemi information in spelling (1973)

   (7) ÀÌÇØ
   : ÀÌÇØ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ Çؼ®°ú Ʋ
   o Understanding written problem instruction (1974)
   o The understanding process : problem isomorphs (1976)
   o Psychological differences among problem isomorphs (1977)

ÀÌ»óÀº 1977³â±îÁö »çÀ̸ÕÀÌ ´Üµ¶ ¶Ç´Â °øÀúÀÇ ³í¹®À» [»ç°íÀÇ ÀÌ·Ð]À¸·Î¼­ À籸¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, ¹ßÇ¥ ¿¬´ë°¡ ´Ù¸¥µ¥µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÏ°üµÈ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©±â¼­´Â ÁÖ·Î Á¤º¸Ã³¸®ÀÇ ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç°íÀÇ Ã¼°èÀ̸ç, ÀÌ ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡°¡ Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ AI Ư¡ÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á (Problem Solving), ƯÈ÷ ü½º (Chess) µîÀÇ °ÔÀÓÀ» Ǫ´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÏ°Ô Çؼ®ÇÏ°í, °Å±â¼­ºÎÅÍ ¹®Á¦ÇØ°áÀÇ Æ²À» ã°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ¸ðÀǽÇÇèÇÏ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¸ðµ¨À» ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â ½ÄÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ½Ãµµ°¡ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÇÇèÀ̳ª ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÅëÇؼ­, ¹®Á¦ÇØ°á½ÃÀÇ Å½»ö ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ̳ª °æÇèÀû±ÔÄ¢ (ÈÞ¸®½ºÆ½ (Heuristic)) À» Á¤½ÄÈ­ÇÏ¿© ü°èÈ­½ÃŲ °ÍÀÌ "Human Problem Solving" (1971) ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Àú¼­´Â [»ç°íÀÇ ¸ðµ¨]¿¡ ºñÇØ AI ¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×·¡µµ, ½ÇÇè ½É¸®ÇÐÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­, Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡¸¦ ±¸Ã¼È­½ÃŲ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »çÀ̸ÕÀÌ ½ÃµµÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÏ¹Ý ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á±â, Áï GPS (General Problem Solver) ÀÌ°í, Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò¾îÁø ¼ö´Ü ¸ñÇ¥ ºÐ¼® (Means Ends Analysis) ¿¡ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÇ¥¿Í ÃÖÁ¾¸ñÇ¥¿ÍÀÇ Â÷¸¦ ÁÙ¿©³ª°¡´Â ¿ÀÆÛ·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ °æÇèÀû Ž»ö (ÈÞ¸®½ºÆ½ Ž»ö (Heuristic Search)) À» ºÎ°¡ÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÇØ°áÀÇ Æ²ÀÌ´Ù.

AI ÀÇ Æз¯´ÙÀÓ (Paradigm) Àº 1970³â´ë¿¡ µé¾î¼­ÀÚ ¾ð¾î¿Í Áö½ÄÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ µÇ°í, 1960³â´ëÀÇ GPS µîÀ» Á¤Á¡À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÔÀÓÀ̳ª ÆÛÁñÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇнÀ ¸ðµ¨È­´Â ¾à°£ ½ÃµéÇØÁ³´Ù. ¹°·Ð Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ AI ´Â GPS ¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù °­·ÂÇÑ Æ²À» ¸¶·ÃÇÑ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í ½É¸®ÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÇÁõÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.

ƯÈ÷ »çÀ̸հú ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ °øµ¿¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÎ Allen Newell ÀÌ Àΰ£ ±â¾ïÀÇ ÄÚµù ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛ(Production System)À¸·Î ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌÆ®ÇÏ°í ±× ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ÃßÀû°ú ½ÇÁ¦ Àΰ£ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿ÍÀÇ ºñ±³¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇàÇß´Ù. »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÚüÀÇ ±¸Á¶·Î ´Ü±â ¸Þ¸ð¸® (Short Term Memory) ¿Í Àå±â ¸Þ¸ð¸® (Long Term Memory) °¡ äÅõǰí, ¾î´Àµ¡ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Àΰ£Á¤º¸Ã³¸®ÀÇ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØó¿¡ °¡±î¿î À̹ÌÁö·Î¼­ »ç¿ëµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸®°í ÀÎÁö°úÇÐ (Cognitive Science) ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ÀÇ [ÀÎÁö°úÇаú Àΰø ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î °úÇÐ]À̶ó´Â ±×ÀÇ °­¿¬Àº ½Ê ¼ö³â°£ ¿¬±¸ÇØ¿Â Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡¸¦ Àΰø ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡·Î¼­, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ°í ÇнÀÇØ °¡´Â°¡ ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÁ¡À» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø °­Á¶ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ª½Ã, Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ AI ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº »çÀ̸հú ´º¿ùÀÌ ¿À·£ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ½ÉÇ÷À» ±â¿ï¿© ±¸ÃàÇÑ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Æз¯´ÙÀÓ (¹®Á¦ÇØ°áÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÇèÀû ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡) À̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.