Herbert A. Simon
(1916 ~ 2001)
ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ : ±èÇö¼÷, Å©¶ó¿îÃâÆÇ»ç, 1997, Page 297~300
»çÀ̸ÕÀº ´©°¡ ¹¹¶óÇØµµ AI ¿¬±¸ÀÇ È²Á¦ÀÌ¸ç ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀ» ÈÖÇÏ¿¡ °Å´À¸®°í Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ±æ·¯³Â´Ù. »çÀ̸ÕÀº Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ ±³¼ö¿´À¸¸ç, ÀαâÅ¿ÀÎÁö º°È£µµ ¿©·¯ °³¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. 1978 ³â¿¡´Â ³ëº§ °æÁ¦ÇлóÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. "satisficing" À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø AI ÀÇ ±âÃÊÁß ÇϳªÀÎ bounded rationality ÀÌ·Ð À¸·Î ¼ö»óÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
»çÀ̸ÕÀÇ Çй®ÀûÀÎ ¾÷ÀûÀº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ÆøÀÌ ³Ð¾î¼ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© ½É¸®Çаú »çȸÇÐÀ» µÎ·ç ¼··ÆÇϰí, °Ô´Ù°¡ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇп¡µµ ÁßÁøÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¿ªÈ°À» ÅåÅåÈ÷ Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× µ¿¾È ¼ö¸¹Àº ±ÍÁßÇÑ ³í¹®µéÀ» ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ±× Ư¡Àº [Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¤º¸Ã³¸® °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ Rationality ÀÇ Ãß±¸]¶ó´Â ¸»·Î Áý¾à½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°´Ù. ÇÕ¸®¼º (Rationality) ¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ±× Àǹ̸¦ ´ÜÁ¤Áþ±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ¸»ÀÌÁö¸¸, [¾î¶² ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿ø¸®ÇÏ¿¡¼ ÀϰüµÈ ü°è¸¦ °®Ãá »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀ̳ª Çൿ±Ô¹ü]À» º¸À̸ç, ÇÕ¸®¼ºÀ̶óµç°¡, À̼ºÁÖÀǶó°í ¹ø¿ªÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°´Ù.
¾î¶»µç, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼±Åÿ¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ Rationality ·Î¼ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϰí Àִ°¡¿¡¼ Ãâ¹ßÇϰí, Àΰ£ ±â¾ïÀÇ Àü·«ÀûÀÎ Á¦¾î, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ÇнÀ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º(Process)ÀÇ ¼öÇÐ ¸ðµ¨, ±×¸®°í À̵éÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϵµ·Ï Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Çذῡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸ ó¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨È°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÈÄ¿¡ Rationality ÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌ Rationality ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿÀ̳ª ó¸® ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â º¹ÀâÇϰí ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â 󸮸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò·Î¼´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ °¡Á¤À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇൿÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÇϰíÀÚÇÏ´Â ¸î °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ã¾Æ³»´Âµ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ ³Ê¹« º¹ÀâÇϴٴ öÀúÇÑ Rationality ÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ »çÀ̸ÕÀÇ Àú¼ "The Sciences of the artificial" (The MIT Press, 1981) ¿¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ªÀÖ´Ù.
»çÀ̸ÕÀÌ 1977³â °¡À»¿¡ ¿¹ÀÏ ´ëÇп¡¼ ÇàÇÑ Carl I. Hovland ÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð¸®¾ó °¿¬À» Á¤¸®ÇÑ "Models of Thought (»ç°íÀÇ ¸ðµ¨)" (Yale Univ. Press, 1979) ¿¡¼´Â »çÀÌ¸Õ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿¬±¸¾÷ÀûÀ» Á¤¸®Çϰí Àִµ¥ ±× ±¸¼ºÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
(1) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ø¸®
: Àΰ£ÀÇ °æÁ¦ÇൿÀ» ´Ù·é °Í
o A Behavioral model of rational choice (1955)
o Rational Choice and the structure of environment (1956)
o Motivational and emotional controls of cognition (1967)
(2) ±â¾ïÀÇ ±¸Á¶ : Àΰ£ÀÇ ±â¾ï ¿ë·®À̳ª ±â¾ïÀÇ Àü·«¿¡ °üÇØ¼
o Amounts of fixation and discovery in maze learning behavior
(1957)
o How big is a chunk? (1974)
o The information storage system called "Human Memory"
(1976)
o A program modeling short - term memory under strategy control
(1976)
(3) ÇнÀ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º : ½É¸®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ÇнÀ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ̳ª ¼öÇÐÀû ¸ðµ¨
o A theory of the serial position effect (1962)
o Effects of similarity, familiarization and meaningfulness
in verbal learning (1964)
o One-trial and incremental learning (1964)
o A note on mathematical models for learning (1962)
o A note Jost's law and exponential forgetting (1966)
(4) ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á : ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°áÀÇ Á¤½ÄÈ
o The processes of creative thinking (1962)
o Trial and error search in solving difficult problems (1962)
o A chess matching combinations program (1966)
o Cognitive processes in solving algebra word problems (1966)
o The functional equivalence of problem solving skills (1975)
o Modeling strategy shifts in a problem solving task (1976)
(5) ±ÔÄ¢ÀÇ ±Í³³°ú °³³äÇü¼º
o Human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns (1963)
o Empirical tests of a theory of human acquisition of concepts
for sequential patterns (1973)
o Complexity and the representation of patterned sequences
of symbols (1972)
o Process models and stochastic theories of simple concept
formation (1968)
o Problem solving and rule induction (1974)
(6) Áö°¢
: Áö°¢ÀÇ ½É¸®Çаú ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á°úÀÇ °ü°è
o An information processing explanation of some perceptual
phenomena (1967)
o Information processing analysis of perceptual processes
in Problem solving (1969)
o A simulation of memory for chess positions (1973)
o Perception in chess (1973)
o Alternative uses of phonemi information in spelling (1973)
(7) ÀÌÇØ
: ÀÌÇØ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ÇØ¼®°ú Ʋ
o Understanding written problem instruction (1974)
o The understanding process : problem isomorphs (1976)
o Psychological differences among problem isomorphs (1977)
ÀÌ»óÀº 1977³â±îÁö »çÀ̸ÕÀÌ ´Üµ¶ ¶Ç´Â °øÀúÀÇ ³í¹®À» [»ç°íÀÇ ÀÌ·Ð]À¸·Î¼ À籸¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, ¹ßÇ¥ ¿¬´ë°¡ ´Ù¸¥µ¥µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀϰüµÈ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©±â¼´Â ÁÖ·Î Á¤º¸Ã³¸®ÀÇ ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç°íÀÇ Ã¼°èÀ̸ç, ÀÌ ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡°¡ Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ AI Ư¡ÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.
Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á (Problem Solving), ƯÈ÷ ü½º (Chess) µîÀÇ °ÔÀÓÀ» Ǫ´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¼®Çϰí, °Å±â¼ºÎÅÍ ¹®Á¦ÇذáÀÇ Æ²À» ã°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ¸ðÀǽÇÇèÇÏ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¸ðµ¨À» ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â ½ÄÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ½Ãµµ°¡ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÇÇèÀ̳ª ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÅëÇØ¼, ¹®Á¦Çذá½ÃÀÇ Å½»ö ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ̳ª °æÇèÀû±ÔÄ¢ (ÈÞ¸®½ºÆ½ (Heuristic)) À» Á¤½ÄÈÇÏ¿© ü°èȽÃŲ °ÍÀÌ "Human Problem Solving" (1971) ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Àú¼´Â [»ç°íÀÇ ¸ðµ¨]¿¡ ºñÇØ AI ¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×·¡µµ, ½ÇÇè ½É¸®ÇÐÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡¼, Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡¸¦ ±¸Ã¼È½ÃŲ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »çÀ̸ÕÀÌ ½ÃµµÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÏ¹Ý ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á±â, Áï GPS (General Problem Solver) À̰í, Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò¾îÁø ¼ö´Ü ¸ñÇ¥ ºÐ¼® (Means Ends Analysis) ¿¡ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÇ¥¿Í ÃÖÁ¾¸ñÇ¥¿ÍÀÇ Â÷¸¦ ÁÙ¿©³ª°¡´Â ¿ÀÆÛ·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ °æÇèÀû Ž»ö (ÈÞ¸®½ºÆ½ Ž»ö (Heuristic Search)) À» ºÎ°¡ÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÇذáÀÇ Æ²ÀÌ´Ù.
AI ÀÇ ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓ (Paradigm) Àº 1970³â´ë¿¡ µé¾î¼ÀÚ ¾ð¾î¿Í Áö½ÄÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ µÇ°í, 1960³â´ëÀÇ GPS µîÀ» Á¤Á¡À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÔÀÓÀ̳ª ÆÛÁñÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇнÀ ¸ðµ¨È´Â ¾à°£ ½ÃµéÇØÁ³´Ù. ¹°·Ð Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ AI ´Â GPS ¿¡¼ º¸´Ù °·ÂÇÑ Æ²À» ¸¶·ÃÇÑ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í ½É¸®ÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÇÁõÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ƯÈ÷ »çÀ̸հú ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ °øµ¿¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÎ Allen Newell ÀÌ Àΰ£ ±â¾ïÀÇ ÄÚµù ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛ(Production System)À¸·Î ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌÆ®ÇÏ°í ±× ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ÃßÀû°ú ½ÇÁ¦ Àΰ£ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿ÍÀÇ ºñ±³¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇàÇß´Ù. »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÚüÀÇ ±¸Á¶·Î ´Ü±â ¸Þ¸ð¸® (Short Term Memory) ¿Í Àå±â ¸Þ¸ð¸® (Long Term Memory) °¡ äÅõǰí, ¾î´Àµ¡ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Àΰ£Á¤º¸Ã³¸®ÀÇ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³¿¡ °¡±î¿î À̹ÌÁö·Î¼ »ç¿ëµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÎÁö°úÇÐ (Cognitive Science) ȸÀÇ¿¡¼ÀÇ [ÀÎÁö°úÇаú Àΰø ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î °úÇÐ]À̶ó´Â ±×ÀÇ °¿¬Àº ½Ê ¼ö³â°£ ¿¬±¸Çؿ Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡¸¦ Àΰø ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡·Î¼, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇϰí ÇнÀÇØ °¡´Â°¡ ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÁ¡À» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø °Á¶ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ª½Ã, Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ AI ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº »çÀ̸հú ´º¿ùÀÌ ¿À·£ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ½ÉÇ÷À» ±â¿ï¿© ±¸ÃàÇÑ »ý¼º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓ (¹®Á¦ÇذáÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÇèÀû ¾îÇÁ·ÎÄ¡) À̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.