Combinatorial  Game  Theory

 

Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓÀÌ·ÐÀº ¹ÙµÏ (baduk) °ú °°Àº ¾î·Á¿î ³¡³»±â¹®Á¦ (endgame problem) À» Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼öÇÐÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á¤È®ÇÑ Áý °è»ê°ú µ¹ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù·é´Ù. µ¹ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÇ °¡Ä¡´Â »ý°¢º¸´Ù ÈξÀ º¹ÀâÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº thermography (ÇǺοµµÃøÁ¤ À¸·Î º´ÀÇ À¯¹«¸¦ ÆÇ´Ü ? : ÀϺÎÀÇ °üÂû·Î Àüü¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÇ¹Ì ?) ¶ó´Â ÆÄ»ýºÐ¾ß¸¦ °¡Áö´Âµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº Àû´çÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ºÐ¼®¸¸À¸·Î ³¡³»±â¸¦ Àß ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çϴµ¥ À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ sente ¿Í gote (¹ÙµÏ¿ë¾î, ¼±¼ö¿Í Èļö) ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. .... Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway, Richard Guy µîÀº Winning Ways ¸¦ °øµ¿ Àú¼úÇÏ¿© Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ´Û¾Ò´Ù ......  David Wolfe  ´Â Berkeley ¿¡¼­ Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ°ú ÃֽŠ¹ÙµÏÀÇ ¼ö¿¡ °üÇÑ C library ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.  ±× ÁßÀÇ subroutine µéÀ» ³» ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡¼­ ¹ÙµÏ ¼ö¸¦ Ç®±âÀ§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´°í David's combinatorial game theory page ´Â ÁÁÀº ÆäÀÌÁöÀÌ´Ù ......  Mathematical Go .... David Moews µµ  Berkeley¿¡¼­ Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Publications ¿¡¼­´Â ¹ÙµÏ¿¡¼­ Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÀÀ¿ëÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ....... (Martin Müller : The University of Alberta GAMES Group : ¹ÙµÏ : Publications : ¹ÙµÏ¿ë¾î (¿µ¹®) : Combinatorial Game Theory)

Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ü½º³ª ¹ÙµÏ°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Áö½Ä (perfect knowledge) ÀÇ 2 ÀÎ¿ë °ÔÀÓ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü·«°ú ¼öÇÐÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù. °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÐ¾ßÀÎ ÀüÅëÀÇ °ÔÀÓÀÌ·Ð (°ÔÀÓÀÌ·Ð (Game Theory)) ¿ÍÀÇ ºÐ¸íÇÑ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº °ÔÀÓ Ç÷¹À̾ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ÇÑ¸í¾¿ µ¹À» ¿òÁ÷Àδٴ °ÍÀ̸ç, µû¶ó¼­ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¼û±â´Â Àü·«À̳ª ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â °Í°ú´Â »ó°üÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹ÙÀ̺íÀº Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway, Richard Guy °øÀú Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays ÀÌ¸ç  Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ´Â Conway ÀÇ On Numbers and Games ¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ³í¹® ¸ðÀÓÀº Games of No Chance ¿Í More Games of No Chance ¿¡¼­ ¿Â¶óÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã¥µéÀ» ÀÐÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ´çÀå¿¡ µµ¼­°ü¿¡ °¡µµ·Ï Ç϶ó! ..... (David Eppstein : Combinatorial Game Theory)

¼öÇÐÀÚµéÀº "game theory" ¶ó´Â ¸»À» µÎ°¡Áö Àǹ̷Π»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Á˼öÀÇ µô·¹¸¶ (Prisoner's dilemma), Æ÷Ä¿, ÁÖ½Ä °Å·¡ ¿¡¼­¿Í °°Àº Á¤º¸°¡ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÑ »óÅÂÀÇ °ÔÀÓ ("imperfect-information") ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àǹ̰¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ·ùÀÇ °ÔÀÓÀ̷п¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ¿©·¯»ç¶÷À» ºÎÀÚ·Î ¸¸µé °Ô ÇØÁÖ¸ç ¸î¸î ³ëº§ ¼ö»óÀÚ¸¦ ¹èÃâÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Drexel ´ëÇÐÀÇ introductory sketch ¿¡¼­ ±× ¿¹¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù ..... ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ù´Â ³»°¡ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼öÇÐ °ÔÀÓÀÌ´Ù. Á¶ÇÕ°ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Nim, ƽÅÃÅä (Tic-tac-toe) ¿Í °°Àº "perfect-information" games ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ´Ù. ´õ ¾î·Á¿î ½Ç¿¹·Î´Â Hex, Reversi, Mancala, Checkers, ü½º (chess), Àå±â, ¹ÙµÏ (baduk) µîÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Nancy Casey °¡ page full of examples ¿¡¼­ ±× ¿¹µéÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù (Nancy ´Â "9 ³â°£ÀÇ ¿¬±¸°á°ú ³»°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇ߰ųª óÀ½ºÎÅÍ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù" ¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ¼ÕÀ» ³õÀº »óÅ ?? )...... ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼Ò°³µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î´Â On Numbers and Games  (John Conway) ³ª Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays (Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway, Richard Guy) µîÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀÚÀÇ Ã¥Àº ¼öÇÐÀûÀÎ ±âÃÊ¿Í Å½±¸°úÁ¤ À§ÁÖ·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÈÄÀÚÀÇ Ã¥Àº ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °ÔÀÓ¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ....... (Jeff Erickson : web page on combinatorial games)

term :

°ÔÀÓ (Game)  °ÔÀÓÀÌ·Ð (Game Theory)   ¹ÙµÏ (baduk)   Ã¼½º (chess)   thermography

site :

Wikipedia : Combinatorial game theory

paper :

Elwyn Berlekamp. The Economist's View of Combinatorial Games, pages 365-405. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[
http://www.msri.org/publications/books/Book29/files/ber.pdf ]

Elwyn Berlekamp and Yonghoan Kim. Where Is the Thousand-Dollar Ko?, pages 203-226. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[
http://www.msri.org/publications/books/Book29/files/kim.pdf ]

Elwyn Berlekamp. Idempotents Among Partisan Games, pages 1-23. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[
http://math.berkeley.edu/~berlek/papers/idem.ps ]

Joerg Bewersdorff. Go und Mathematik, 1998. In German.
[
http://home.t-online.de/home/joerg.bewersdorff/go.htm ]

Tristan Cazenave. Management of uncertainty in combinatorial game theory. Technical Report 95-10, Laforia, Paris, 1995.
[
http://www.ai.univ-paris8.fr/~cazenave/cgtmu.ps.gz ]

Tristan Cazenave. Learning to forecast by explaining the consequences of actions. International Workshop MALFO'96, 1996.
[
http://www.ai.univ-paris8.fr/~cazenave/malfo96.pdf ]

Tristan Cazenave. Système d'Apprentissage Par Auto-Observation. Application au jeu de Go. PhD thesis, Universite Paris, 1997. In French.
[
http://www.ai.univ-paris8.fr/~cazenave/these.pdf ]

Erik D. Demaine. Playing games with algorithms: Algorithmic combinatorial game theory. In 26th Symposium on Mathematical Foundations in Computer Science (MFCS 2001), volume 2136 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 18-32, 2001.
[
http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~edemaine/papers/AlgGameTheoryMFCS2001/ ]

William Edward Fraser. Thermographic analysis of Go endgames using brute force. Combinatorial Game Theory Workshop, July 2000.
[
http://www.msri.org/publications/ln/msri/2000/gametheory/fraser/1/banner/01.html ]

Howard Landman. Eyespace Values in Go, pages 227-257. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[
http://www.msri.org/publications/books/Book29/files/landman.pdf ]

David Moews. On Some Combinatorial Games Connected with Go. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1993.
[
http://xraysgi.ims.uconn.edu:8080/dmoews/thesis.ps ]

Martin Müller. Game theories and computer Go. Go and Computer Science Workshop (GCSW'93), INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis, 1993.
[
http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/ps/mueller93.ps ]

Martin Müller. Computer Go as a Sum of Local Games: An Application of Combinatorial Game Theory. PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1995.
[
ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/dissertations/th11006.ps.gz ]

Martin Müller, Elwyn Berlekamp, and Bill Spight. Generalized thermography: Algorithms, implementation, and application to Go endgames. Technical Report 96-030, ICSI, Berkeley, 1996.
[
http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/ps/tr-96-030a.ps.gz ]

Martin Müller. Decomposition search: A combinatorial games approach to game tree search, with applications to solving Go endgames. In IJCAI-99, volume 1, pages 578-583, 1999.
[
http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/ps/ijcai1999.ps.gz ]

Martin Müller. Global and local game tree search. Information Sciences, 135:187-206, 2001. The URL links to an older version of the article.
[
http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/ps/mueller-infsci2000.ps.gz ]

Teigo Nakamura. Combinatorial game theory and the game of Go - analyzing semeai. CGF Journal, 5, 2003. In Japanese.
[
http://www.dumbo.ai.kyutech.ac.jp/htdocs/teigo-ken/teigo/GoResearch/article1.pdf ]

Bill Spight. Analysis of the 4/21/98 Jiang-Rui endgame. Combinatorial Game Theory Workshop, July 2000.
[
http://www.msri.org/publications/ln/msri/2000/gametheory/spight/1/index.html ]