н ذ : Robert J. Sternberg , .輱...̽ŵ. , , 1997 ( : Thinking and Problem Solving - Handbook of Perception and Cognition, 2nd ed, 1994), Page 299~318
ɸп (intelligence) ŭ . ֿ 츮 ν ַ ɿ ϰ ִٴ ̴. , ϴ Ȳ â ٸ ؼ ̴. ̷а ֿ . ٸ ̴.
1) :
ַ ´. ڰ ߱ ȭ (biochemical) ̰ų, (biophysical) ̰ų Ȥ ̷ ̾ ϴ.
2) :
ǥ ַ ´. ڰ ߱ ̳ Ȥ Ȯ ִ ǥ üȭ ־ Ѵ.
3) Ȳ :
Ȳ ڰ ߱ 'Ȱ' ӿ Ͼ ̸ ϴ Ǿ Ѵ. ǿ ϴ ɿ ġ ϴ. Ȳ 忡 , ǿ ϴ ܺ ϴ Ͱ ̰ , ȭ ٸ ɿ 䵵 ִ.
4) ü :
ü Ȳ ȣۿ Ϸ ϰ ִ. м , ̷ ˾Ƴ Ѵ.
ɿ Ȯ ϳ ذ Ѵٰ ϱ ̴. , ڴ ̶ صǾ Ѵٰ ̸, ̳ Ȳ ؿ ؼ Ϸ õ ٽ ٰ ̴. Ƿ ϳ Ƶ̴ ٸ ؼ ϰ ־ ϴµ װ ̴. پ κ ص ִ ߺ (multiple loci) ִ.
濡 "ã, ã ̿" ִµ ɿ ϴ . ڵ 캸 ҿ ã ̴. 캸 Ҵ ã ̴. Ӹ 鿩 ڵ ̰ų ãԵ ̴. ֳϸ ű Ű ִ 縮 ֱ ̴. ִ ȭ ƶ 캸 ڴ ű ã ̴.
̱ ڴ ϴ ־ ʿ ִ ʿ䰡 ִٰ Ѵ. ؼ 켱 ɿ ɸ 鿡 (thinking) 캸 .
ɸ Galton (1883) Ž ö. ״ ؼ Ϸߴ. ״ پ , , ð ø ȣ ü ߴ. Wissler (1901) Galton ʾҴٰ ϰ ִ. ǿ Ӹƴ϶ о ٸ ٰ ߴ. Galton ⵿ α⸦ Ҿ ó ʷ ϴ ɸڵ鿡 ٽ ް Ǿ (Hunt, 1980).
Binet Simon (1905, 1916) ȵ ǸǾ. ó θ ǰ ִ ɰ˻縦 ߴ. װ ƴ϶ ϴ ߴ (R. J. Sternberg, 1977). Galton ̳ Binet ̷ Ѵ. Charles Spearman (1904, 1927) ̷ ϱ κм̶ ν ̷ ŸϷ Ͽ. ˻ ִ ִ ˻ 踦 мϴ ̴. Spearman ̶ Ϲݿ 'g', ˻ ۿϴ ΰ ϰ˻翡 ѵǾ ִ 's' .
ô ٸ ̷а Louis Thurstone (1938) Spearman ־ Ϲݿΰ Ưο ߸ ִٰ ߴ. Thurstone ̶ ȣ Ǿ ִ ֿ Ŵɷ (Primary mental abilities) ط, , , ͳ ߷, ӵ, â, ִٰ ߴ. Thurstone ̷ ̱ θ Ƶ鿩 ڵ Spearman ̷ ȣߴ. ̷ ̷е ڽ θ Ǵ 쿬 ġ ƴ ϴ.
J. P. Guilford (1967) , , տ 120 ν Thurstone ̷ ȭ Ű ߴ. ̷ 1960, 1970 뿡 α⸦ ȴ. Horn Knapp (1973) Guilford ̷ ٰ Ϻδ Guilford ε ȸŰ ٰ̾ ߴ, ̷ ʹ ؼ ˻縦 ϱ ġ Ͽ.
ٸ ؼ Turstone ٸ ̷ ̷а ־. Cattell (1971) Vemon (1971) Ŵɷ ߰ ֱ Gustafsson (1984) ̷е ϴ ߴ. ξ ɸ ̷ Guttman (1954, 1965) ؼ ȵǾ. ״ ɸ ߴ. ̰ ɷµ ߽ ִ ̴.
1960 1970 뿡 ڵ ɸ ٿ Ǿ. ٵ ڵ ִ ǹ ߴ. ɸ ٵ ΰ ɷ° ȭ Ȳ ߴ. ̷ ٷ Ѵ.
ɿ ȯ . (γ ߽Űü) ̳ () ؼ ɷ (locus) ã ִ. ٹ װ ̳ ٸ ٹ ִ.
γ ϴ ʱ ̷ ſ ħǰ ü ִ. Halstead, Konorski, Hebb Luria ̷ װ̴.
Halsteda (1951) ΰ ɷ ִٰ ߴ. װ (integrative field factor), (abstraction factor), (power factor), (directional factor) ̴ Halstead ̷ ɷ γ ο ԵǴ ߴ. Halstead ̷ ̷ Űɸ (neuropsychology) Űɸ ˻翡 Ŀ װ ɸ ̷ȭ ٸ ġ Ͽ.
Konorski (1967) ӿ ִ ո ǥȴٰ ߴ. ״ װ Ĵ (gnostic unites) ҷ. ״ ܱ Ͻ л¿ ִ ҵ Ϻκ ߴ. ⵿ õǾ ֱ ο ް ִ (Dikinson & Boakes, 1979)
ʺ ' A' ' B' Donald Hebb ִ ̴. ' A' ̰ ' B' ߴ ̷ γ Ѵ. ̷ ' C' Ȥ ɰ˻翡 ɰ еǾ Ѵ. ó ڴ ̷ 翬 Ƶ ü ˻翡 ̰ ٴ иġ ʴ. Hebb ' A' ̷ ߴ. ݺ ڱ Hebb ' ü (cell assemblies)' Ȥ ' н (modul)' ̶ ҷ õõ ٰ ״ ߴ. ü ̵ ó α ִ ̷а ִ.
Luria (1973, 1980) γ ɰ ִ Ǿ ִٰ ߴ. , γ ٱ ߳ ִ . ο (temporal), ߵο (parietal), ĵο (occipital) ִ Դ, ο ִ ȹ װ̴. Luria ̷ ɷ ִ ɸڵ, Das (Das Kirby & Jarman, 1979), Kaufman ڵ鿡 Ƶ鿩.
ȶ óϴ ̷а . ɰ˻縦 ð ν ʰ óϴ ȶ εǾ. ȶ нڶ ɰ˻ ̷а鿡Է ѵ ʴ´. װ 츮 ȸ θ ִ Ͻ ̷ Ϻκ̴ (R. J. Sternberg, Conway, Ketron & Bernstein, 1981).
ڵ ȶ 鿡Լ ִ ൿ ӵ ٺ ӵ, ٽøϸ Ű ӵκ ĻǴ ̶ ϴ´. ̷ ؿ ؼ , ȶ ϴ и ִ . ȶ ӿ ȴ.
ش - ðκ ִ ſ ؼ Ǿ. з, - ð / - ð з (Jensen, 1982) ڵ ڽ հ ߾ӿ ִ ư ÷ ´. ڼҸ ︰ 1~4 Ŀ Ȥ ̻ ´. ڰ ؾ Һ ư ν ̴. з ڿ ϰ Ѵ. װ ð (ڰ ߾ӹư ư ð) Ѵ. õ Һ پϰ ȭ (2 ȸ - 8 ȸ) Ŵν, ð ۽ð ǥ ġ ִ.
̷ Ϲ ð ۽ð ɷ°˻ ټ ִٴ ְ ִ (Jensen, 1982). Ÿ ð ǥ պ ξ ִ ǸǾ. ɷ°˻ پϱ Ϲ - .3 ~ - .5 ̴ (Jensen, 1979; Jensen & Munro, 1979). ̷ нüƸ ǥ 쿡 Ҵ (Vernon, 1971).
Jensen, Vernon ٸ ڵ Űü ӵ 迡 ü ؼ Դ. Longstreth (1984) ؼ - ð Ű ӵ ̰ Կ Դ. ̷ Jensen, Vernon ٸ ڵ Ű ӵ ϴ ã Դµ ̿ õ ̴.
Nettlebeck (1973, 1982) Ұ з Ϲ ̰Ϳ ̾ ð ӿ ִ ̹ ðڱر (tachistoscopic) ǻ Ǵ ð ع (mask) Ѵ. ̰ ٸ õǴ ð ٸ. ⼭ ϴ ̴. Ӻ ð ϴ ſ ڴ Ÿ ġ Ѵ. , ġ ðŽ (inspection) üð Ѵ. ̷ ˻ 밳 50% Ȯ ´. ðŽ ð ɰ ɼ ũ ǥ ۱⸸ ϴٸ ǰ ִ (Brand & Deary, 1982; Nettlebeck & Lally, 1976). Ϲ ǥ ȴٸ .3~.5 (Nettlebeck, 1987). ̷ û Ž - ð ִ (Deary, 1988; Raz & Willerman, 1985). ġ پϱ Ѵٰ ϴ ε .
Ű ӵ ɸ ̷ ߷ ̱ ڵ Ű ӵ Ϸ Դ. Ű ӵ ϱ ȴ. , γ ϴ ߽ ٸ ϴ װ̴.
Reed Jensen (1992) ߰ - (medium - latency potentials), , ڵ N70 P100 [̰ ¹ (pattern - reversal) ڱؿ Ͼ] γŰ ӵ ˻ߴ. ڴ 簢 簢 ٲ ȴ. ̷ ȭ Ӹǥǿ پ ִ мȴ. ġ IQ (Ϲ 밪 .1~.2 ). 谡 쿡 ǹ ߴ.
P. A. Vernon Mori (1992) ȿ Ű ӵ IQ 踦 ϰ ߴ. ο Ű ӵ ȿ Ǿ. ° ո հ Ű ӵ Ǿ. Vernon Mori Ű ӵ - ð ġʹ ټ ( - .2) IQ ʹ .4 δٴ ߰ߴ. ʽŰ濡 ӵ ɰ 迡 ִ ؼߴ. ̷ ϰ ؼǾ Ѵ. ֳϸ P. A. Vernon ̷ Ȯ .
ݱ Ưȭ ɰ 迡 ̷ ð ǻ翴 Marc Dax Ž ö. 1836 , ״ Ǿ (aphasia) ȯڵ ΰ γ ¹ ó ִٴ ߴ. 1864 濡 Paul Broca ̷ ȭ ״.
Sperry (1961) ݱ 鿡 γ δٰ ߴ. , Sperry, Myers, Schrier (1960) ü ִ ݱ õ ð ٸ ݱ ó . ̷ ȭ ΰԵ Ǿ. Gazzaniga (1970) ο ȭ ȯڱ ڽ ϰ 鼭 ο ϴ ߴ.
о߿ Ȱ ϳ ¹ݱ ϰ ȭǾ ִ Ȥ ̴. Zaidel (1975, 1978) ݱ ó Ѵٰ ߴ. ݸ鿡 Gazzaniga (1985) ݱ ó ʴ´ٰ ߴ.
ݱ ٸ ó Ѵٰ ߴ. , Jerre Levy (1974) ¹ݱ м óϴ ݸ鿡 ݱ ü óϴ ִٰ ߴ.
Gazzaniga (1985) ٸ ߴ. ״ γ Ǿ ִٰ ߴ. ֱ (McClelland, Rumelhart & PDP Research Group, 1986) Ӹƴ϶ Fodor (1983) ϰ ش ְ ۿѴٴ ̴. ̷ ǽ ؿ ۿѴ. ¹ݱ ̷ ó ؼ Ѵ. ̰Ϳ Ѵٸ (understanding) 츮 繰 ռ ƴ϶ 츮 ִ ˾ ַ õ ٴ ̴.
ڵ γ ũ Ȥ ΰ 뷮 ɰ 踦 Ϸ õ ߴ. Jerison (1982) γ ũⰡ ذ ִٰ ߴ. ʴ. γ ũ ̷ Ǵ ٽ Ȱ⸦ ִ. , Rushton (1990, 1992) ٸ ݹ ߴ (Cain & Vandewolf. 1990) ״. γ ũ ణ ֱ иġ ʴ.
Ƹ αִ γ Ȱ ɰ 踦 ã ̴. ʱ ̷ ı (electroencephalograph; EEG) 谡 ִ. Galin Ornstein (1972) ݱ EEG Ȱ ־. Ư ݱ ¹ݱ alpha ó Ǵٴ ߰ߴ. EEG װ ϳ ̱ ִ. ֱ (evoked potentials; EPs) Ѵ. EEG Ͽ ϳ ڱ ϰ װͿ Ͼ ν ȴ.
η Emanuel Donchin 鿡 ؼ (Donchine, 1979; McCarthy & Donchin, 1981) Ư , P300 ãƳ. P300 ڱ õ 300 ~ 900 и ҿ (latency) ǹѴ. P300 ϳ ־ ڿ Ҵϴ ش. Ert1 (Chalke & Ert1, 1965; Ert1, 1966; Ert1 & Schafer, 1969) ߰ IQ ϰִ 踦 ߰ߴ. Ȯ ʾҴ. Schafer (1982) ڱؿ ū P300 ̴ ٴ ߴ. ̷ ǿ ߾ ڱؿ P300 ̴ ( ͼ ʿ䰡 ̴) , Schafer P300 ġ IQ .82 ߴ. ̷ ū ̴.
Hendrickson Hendrickson (1980) θ ϴ Ͼ ְ ̷ Ƹ ó Ͼ ̸ ̷ ̶ ߴ. ̷ ؿ IQ Űü ϴ óä ֱ ̴. Hendrickson(1982) Hendrickson Hendrickson (1980) ̷ ϴ ڷḦ ߴ. Blinkhorn Hendrickson (1982) Barrett Eysenk (1992) ٸ ڵ鵵 ߴ. и ̷а Ÿ ִ. ̷ ̷ Ȯ Ȥ ٷ ִ.
ִ Richard Haier 鿡 Ǿ. , Haier (1988) Raven Matrix Ǫ PET ĵм ó γ ں Ҵ. ̰ ڴ ں ߷ Ǯ Ѵٴ Ѵ. ȶ л ϴµ ־ лŭ ʾƵ ȴٴ ̴. ̷ ΰ ߿ϴ. ڴ ȶ Һϱ ȶ ƴ϶ ȶϱ ҺѴٴ ո ִ. ٸ ϸ 츮 , ȯ ǹ̿ , ϳ ̶ ʿ װ ִ ̴.
ϸ, ɿ γ Űü 迡 ̷ ȥ ְ ִ. ǵ ̷ 踦 Ž () 忡 õ̴.
ɿ ݹϴ ƴ϶ ϰ ִ. ̷ ٸ ٶ ִٴ ϰ ִ. غ ʴ. 츮 ٸ ؿ ؼ Ѱ ٸ ִ.
ȯڴ ̷ ؿ ǹ . 츮 ؼϴ ŭ ؼ ִٴ иϰ ְ ִ. , ϱ Ӻ 츮 ִ . ̳ ´ ݿϰ ִ. ̿ ϳ ߰Ѵٸ, ״ װͿ ʿ䰡 ̴. , ణ Һϸ Ǵ ̴. ٵ ϴ иϴ. . ̷ ̿ ȣۿ Ѵ.
ɿ ɸ ƹ Ҹ Charles Spearman Ѹ ΰ ִ. Spearman (1923) ٺ ߴ.
ù° ' ȹ (apprehension of experience)' ε ̰ 츮 'ȣȭ (encoding)' θ ڱ 踦 Ѵ.
° ' ' ε ̰ ó 츮 '߷ (inference)' ̶ θ ڱ 缺 ̸ ϱ ڱ ȣ踦 Ų.
° 'ȣ ' ε ̰ ó 츮 ' (application)' ̶ θ ν ο ߷е 踦 ϴ ̴ (Sternberg, 1977). Spearman (1923) ̷ ϱ ̻ ˻ ߹ ߴ. , 'ȣ' '' 'ǻ' ٰ ϴ ߹ ڴ ȣȭ ؾ ǰ 'ȣ' '' 踦 ߷ؾ ϸ س ؼ ߷е 踦 'ǻ' ؾ Ѵ.
Spearman ɿ ̷ Cronbach (1957) ɸ 帧 (ɸа ɸ) 䱸 и ߴ. 1960 뿡 Ϸ õ ־. װ Gagné (1968) å Ÿ ִ. õ Resnick (1976) ̴. ״ ɿ ɰϰ ؾ Ѵٰ ϰ ִ. Ư Carroll (1976) ɸ ˻ صǾ Ѵٰ ߴ. ̿ õ 20 ߴ. ״ ɿ м ؼ å ߴ (Carroll, 1993). ̷ ۾ м ̾ װ װ ռ ߴ ٶ (mind) Ϸ õ. 1970 Ž ö , װ ο ̾. ̷ ù ° Resnick å ̷.
Royer (1971) Ƹ ɸ ˻縦 ǽ ù ° ̾ ̴. ״ ο ɰ˻翡 ߰ߵǴ - ¡ ü ǽ߰ װ ó м õߴ. ߴ. ſ ٷ ڿ ǵ , ϱ - ̶ ҷ ŷ .
- Resnick å ǵDZ 3 Hunt, Frost Lunneborg (1973) ̳ ǿ ԵǾ. Hunt ΰ ϱ ɸڵ鿡 Ǿ ־. Ÿ ƺ ڿ ̾. ֳϸ 츮 ΰ ʰ ΰ ϰ ̴. ɿ ɸ ٰ ϰ Ǿ ־ ( ̱ . ݸ鿡 Ǿ ̷ е̾) Hunt ο ̾.
ᱹ Hunt, Lunneborg Lewis (1975) ɷ ظ ̾ ξ ־. Hunt ɷ̶ ӿ ϴ ӵ ص ִٰ ϰ ִ. ϱ Posner Mitchell (1967) ؼ ȵ ߴ.
Hunt ϱ ߴ. ڿ ¦ ϰ ǹ (̸) ϵ ߴ. , 'A A', 'A a' 'A b' ̴. ¦ ã ǿ ڵ ܰ ڰ ƴ ؾ Ѵ. ̸ Ȯϴ ǿ ڵ ڰ ̸ ƴ ؾ߸ Ѵ. ð ̸ Ȯν, Hunt ӿ Ǿ ִ ϴ ɸ ð Ͼ ߴ.
Hunt - ̶ ҷ Ǿ? (Hunt, 1978) , Hunt ó ġ (parameters) ( , ̸ ¦ ¦ ã ) ɸ ɷ°˻ ҷ Ǿ. Hunt ѿ - .3 ִٴ ˾Ƴ´. ̷ ƴ ̿ ټ 谡 Ѵٴ ϱ ȴ. ̷ ſ 翡 ǰ ִ. ɷ ż Ѵٰ ְ ݴε ִ. Hunt ؼ ɸ Ϳ ִ.
- Posner - Mitchell ߴ ƴϸ Hunt ʸ Hunt ̷ ͵ ƴϴ. ̷а ܼ ؼ ص ִٰ Ͼ. , Jensen (1979, 1982) ̷ ̱ , ϱ ܼ - ð ߴ.
ϳ 19 Donders (1868) ó Ѹ ΰ ִ. Dinders ϳ ϴ ð ϰ ϳ ° ϴ ð ٰ Ѵٸ ù ° ° ð ̴ ϳ ó ϴ ɸ ð ġ ̶ ߴ.
̷ ֻ (ֻ; scanning) S. Sternberg (1969) 20 ɸп ԵǾ. ̷ ֻ ߿ - Ͽ ϳ Ǿ (Chiang & Atkinson, 1976). ٸ ɸڵ鿡 ؼ Ǿ (Clark & Chase, 1972; Shepard & Metzler, 1971) ʸ ϱ ʼ Ǿ.
R. J. Sternberg (1977) м̶ Ҹ ߴ. κ ִµ, ù° Ÿ絵 ɰ ִ Ǵ ذϴ ԵǾ ִ ó ҿ ̴. ° Ÿ絵 ǥ ִ ( Ÿ絵) ( Ÿ絵) Ǵ ɸ ˻ 踦 ̴.
Newell Simon (1972) ó ҵ ãƳ Ǵ ϰ ð ġν ۵Ǿ. , ߰ غ. ڰ ٸ Ͽ ߰ Ǯ ڴ ð Ѵ. ǿ ڵ ߹ Ǯ ð ȴ. , A : B = C : D (⼭ D ̳ õ ִ.). ° ǿ ڵ A : B = C : ? Ǯ ϴ ŭ ð ް D װ Ǯ ɸ ð ȴ. ٸ ǿ, ڵ A : B C : D ذϴµ ɸ ð ȴ. ° ǿ, ڵ A : B = C : D Ǫ ɸ ð ȴ. پ ϰ ִ ̵ پϰ ν ó ̵ ϱ ߴȸ ϴ ϴ. ó ڷῡ ˾ƺ ̴. ġ ɸ ɷ°˻ ̴.
- ڵ鿡 ó Ǿ (Pelegrino & Glaser, 1979, 1980; Snow, 1979; R. J. Sternberg, 1983), װ ǸǾ ó ǰ ִ. װ ߴ ͺ ټ ߴ. ڵ ذ ϱ ̷ ٴ ̴. ٸ ɷ ˻ Ǿ м ȸͻ 迡 Ÿ (R. J. Sternberg, 1977). ڵ ɰ˻翡 ߰ߵǴ ʹ ܼؼ ΰ ٰ ϰ ִ.
ڰ ΰ (AI) ؼ å ٰ Ѵٸ å ̴. ̷ ٵ ϱ ؼ ǻ ִ. ڴ ⼭ ֿ µ ΰ Ϸ Ѵ. ֿ µ ̴.
̷ ' ̷а (Logic theorist)' Newell, Shaw Simon (1958) Ѹ ΰ ִ. α ߰߹ ؼ (theorems) ϱ ۵Ǿ. ' ̷а' 'Ϲݹ ذ (General Problem Solver; GSP)' (Newell & Simon, (1972) ξ Ϲ α ġǾ. װ ذῡ ̸ ΰ üȭ ִ Ϸ ǵ ܰ Ǿ ִ پ ذ ִ. α ϱ پ ߰߹ - м ߴ. װ ϰ Ŀ ¿ ° ̸ Ѵ. ̿ ִ Ÿ ȭϱ Ͽ õȴ.
ÿ Carnegie - Mellon Newell, Simon Ǯ ְ Ϲ ߰߹ üȭ ִ α ϰ ־. ٸ ִ ڵ ٸ õߴ. Ϻ ȭ , ߿ ־. MIT Marvin Minsky Ͽ ̷ ǹ ó α ߿ Ͽ (Minsky,1968). Evans (1968) ߹ ذ ִ α ߴ. α Raven Progressive Matrices Ϻ Ǯ ־. ̰ Carpenters Just (1975) ߵ Raven Progressive Matrices Ǯ ִ α ڰ Ǿ. Minsky ̾ Terry Winograd (1972) ̾. ״ ξ ִ κ ִ α ߴ.
Roger Schank ǹ ó ϴ Minsky Winograd α ϴ Ŀ ־ ξ ߴ (Schank, 1972, 1975, 1980). Schank (1972) μ Ǿ ִ ϴ ִ ϳ ߴµ ״ ̰ (conceptual dependency) ̶ ҷ. ̷ ũƮ ̷ ־ (Schank & Abelson, 1977). ũƮ ̷ 츮 ̳ ǻ翡 츮 ϰԵ ˰ִ ϴ ̴. ũƮ ⺻ 츮 ־ Ȳ 츮 ൿü踦 ϴ Ű̴. ̷ ʿ ΰ ൿ ũƮ ǸǾ.
ٸ ٵ ΰ õǾ Ƹ ִ ý ̴. ʱ ýδ ߴ MYCIN (Shortliffe, 1976), ü ڱ ã־ DENDRAL (Feigenbaum, Buchanan & Lederberg, 1971) ־. ý۵ ϴ ۿϴ ־ ũ ٸ ý۵ Ư ִ (Hays - Roth, Waterman, & Lenat. 1983). , ڿ ý ǻ ִ ó (Processor), ǵ Ģ ı, ̷ Ģ鿡 Ǵ ؼ, ϴ ȹ, ο ڷᰡ ڷ ݵ ϴ ϰ Ȯ (consistency enforcer), ü ߷ ϴ (justifier) .
ý ٰ Ÿ ٵ ΰ Ϸ ʾҴ. ȿ ۵ϴ α ̾. ̰ ü ýۿ Ÿ ִµ װ ü 밡 (master) ̱ ؼ ȸ 鸸 (moves) ִ Ѵ. ڵ ü 밡 ý, α ϴ Ͱ Ѵٰ ʴ´. ݴ ü 밡 Ź Ѵ. ̷ ǻͰ ϴ ξ ϴ. α ϴ ־ ְ ȯ ̿ ü 밡 ̱ ִ.
ٸ ̷а ΰ ϴ α Դ. 쿡 ־ αϴ Ͱ ɸ ˻縦 ϱ ߴ. John Anderson (1983, 1986) ACT ̴. ΰ ̴. 1963, Simon Kotovsky ڿ Ǫ ǻ α ߴ. α ΰ ڷḦ ߴ.
پ ǥ ΰ ɷµ鰣 踦 ־ ̾. ̷ о Ϻκп شǴ ̴. R. J. Sternberg (1982b, 1990, 1994) ִ. ̷а ̷ ٵ δ ذ ܵΰ ִٴ ϰ ִ. Ư ʹ Ƽ Ƴ ٴ ϰ ִ.
Ȳ ִ Ferguson (1954) Ž ö. ״ "Ȳ ε 巡 н ϰ ̿ ٸ ȭ ȯ ٸ ɷ ߽Ų" ߴ (p. 121). Ȳڵ ̶ ȭ ƶ ܽ ϰ ص ɸ ̳ ٵ ٴ ų ִ.
ش Ȳ ȭ Ѵ (Berry, 1974). װͿ ȭ źεǰ ִ. ̷ ؿ , ڴ ȭ ؾ߸ Ѵ. , ȭ ؼ â ǹü صǾ Ѵٴ ̴. ǥȭ ɰ˻縦 ؼ װ ϴ ̷ ٰ ġǴ ̴. ϴ '' ̶ ǹϴ ų Ȥ ʴٸ ȭ ηκ ̴. , Berry (1984) ̷ Ϸ ϴ ߴ. ״ ȭ ȭ ٸٰ . ֱ Berry Bennet (1990) ɿ ũ ɿ 츮 ִ 츮 ִ ξ ٴ ߰ߴ.
Neisser (1979) ɿ 츮 - ȭ 信 е ߴ. R. J. Sternberg, Conway, Ketron Bernstein (1981) ߴ. Ϸ , ذ, ɷ, ȸ ɷ Ӽ ִٴ ˾Ƴ´. ̷ Ӽ ǥȭ ɰ˻翡 Ұϴ.
ٸ Ư 䱸 ʴ´ٴ ǹ̿ ش̴. (The Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 1982) Ǹ ߴ. װͿ ȭ鰣 ٸ ȭ ִ ȭ 쿡 ϴٴ ̴. ȭ Ѵٸ ǹ ̴. ó Luria (1976) ڿ .
"Shakhimarda Vuadil ð ɸϴ. Fergana
ð ɸϴ. Vuadil Fergana ɾ ɸϱ?"
̶
þ ڴ " ƲȽϴ. װ ٴϴ.
ð ű Դϴ." ߴ.
̰ Ҹ ϴ ȭŰ Ѵٴ ִ . ȭ ִ Wagner (1978) . ״ ٸ ȭ ڵ 鿡Դ ģ 츮Դ ģġ ϵ ϴ ڱ ´ٸ 츮 ȭ ڵ麸 ξ Ѵٴ ߰ߴ. ̷ 츮 ȭ ɰ˻翡 ִ ̴.
ٸ Ȳڵ Ȳ ° Berry Cole ȵ ͺ ξ ϰϱ Ǹ Դٰ ߴ. , Keating (1984) Ȳ ʿ並 ɿ ߴ. Baltes (Baltes, Dittmmann - Kohli, & Dixon, 1984) Ȳ ƶӿ Դ.
Ȳڵ θ 'Ȳ' ̶ ָϱ ƿԴ. Berry Irvine (1986) Ȳ ǹϴ üȭϴ Ȳ ߴ. Ȳ̴. װ ΰൿ ϴ Ư ϰ ִ. װ ڿ̰ ȭ ̴. ° Ȳ Ȳ̰ų Ȥ н ߴ ָ Ȳ ݺǴ Ȳ̴. ° Ȳ ð Ư Ư ൿ ִ ȯ Ȳ ϴ Ȳ̴. Ȳε ̰ ٸ ȲϿ ԵǾ ִ. װ 츮 ǿ Ȥ 츮 ɰ˻縦 ǽ 츮 Ȳ̴.
̷ ؿ , Ǵ Ȳ ϰ ĥ ִ. ? и . ΰൿ Ȳ ġ ִٴ Ű ִ.
Ceci Bronfenbrenner (1985) ̰ ǿ ð - ϴ ߴ. ̿ Ȳ ٴ ־. Ceci Liker (1986) ϰ ְ 쿬 ̻ 渶ڻ ȸ Ŀ ؼ ִµ ռ 97 ۿ ʾҴٴ ߰ߴ. Lave (1988) 迡 Ǯ ֺε ۸R ϴ ƹ ʾҴٴ ߰ߴ. Nunes, Schiemann, Carraher (1993) б ҷҳ Ÿ ϰ ִٴ ߰ߴ.
ϻ Ȳ, ۸̳ Ÿ Ǵ Ȳ ִ. R. J. Sternberg Wagner (1986, 1993) ִ (practical intelligence) ߴ. ߴ ɰ˻ ǥȭ ġʹ . ŭ̳ پ ٸ Ÿ.
ٸ ٿ Ȳ ٿ ؼ ̾߱ . ٸ ؼ 츮 Rogoff Lave (1984), R. J. Sternberg Wagner (1986) õϰڴ. Ȳ ġ ν Ȳ ߿伺 ΰŰ и ϰ ִ üȭϴµ ̰ ִ . Ƹ ̻δ ϳ ̷ Ȳ θ Ϻϰ ̴.
ϴ ü ε ̰ Ȳ ȣۿ ü Ϸ ̴. ⼭ ˷ ٸ ̴. װ Gardner (1983, 1993) R. J. Sternberg (1985, 1988) ̴.
Howard Gardener (1983) ̶ ƴ϶ ߴٱ̶ ̴. ϳ ִ ƴ϶ ϰ ߴ ִٴ ̴. ̷ ߴ , , ϱ, ÿ Ǵ , ϰų й Ǯ Ǵ - , ȯ濡 ϴµ Ǵ , 뷡 θų ϴ Ǵ , ̳ Ǵ ü - , ٸ ΰ迡 Ǵ , ڽ ϴµ Ǵ (intrapersonal intelligence) Ѵ. ̷ μ Ǿ ֱ ̴. ڵ ̷ Ƶδٸ ɰ˻ ̴. ֳϸ ɰ˻ , - ٸ ̴.
Gardner ̷ ִ Ÿ νᰡ ƴ϶ ΰ ɷ° ִ پ ̷ Ȱ ġϴ ν ̷ ߴ. , ״ γ ɰ ߴ ϰ ִٰ ϴ´. ̷ Ǹ ϴ ϸ װ Ȯ üȭ ִ Gardner ϴ ɷµ Ȯ Ѵٴ Ŵ ִ. װ͵ ƴ Gardner ϴ ŭ װ͵ и ƴ ϴ ̷ ̴.
R. J. Sternberg (1985, 1988) ü ̷ Gardner ؼ ټ ٸ. ̷ ̷ ؼ Ȳ Ϸ Ѵ.
ù°, ̷п , Ȳ Ѵ. ȯ濡 . ڽŵ ִ ȯ濡 ϱ ڽŵ ȭŰ Ѵ. ȯ . ȯ濡 ϱ ȯ ȭŰ Ѵ. ȯ . , 谡 Ұ ο ȯ Ѵ.
°, 츮 ϴ ȯ 츮 ģм پϴ. 츮 ѹ ص ο ְ ٸ 츮 ʰ ִ ģ ִ. ü ̷п ִ ű⼺ ڵȭ ̴.
ٸ ڵ ϱ (ش ) ο ߿伺 ϰ ִ (Cattell, 1971; Piaget, 1972; Raaheim, 1974). ̷ ο , , 5 Ƶ 깮 ϱ ʴ. ֳϸ 5 Ƶ ϰ ϴ ʱ ̴. 츮 ܱ аų ϴ н 츮 䱸ϴ ڵȭ ϻȰ 츮 ȿ ϱ ߿ϴ. װ ٸ, 츮 , Ȱų ϴ Ͱ .
°, 츮 ȯ濡 ϰų ȯ ϰų ϱ Ѵ. ü̷ ó Ҹ ϰ ִ. ó , , - ȹ̴. ó Ҵ ϰ, װ ϰ ִ ȿ װ ϰ, װ ϼ ϱ ȴ. Ҵ ȴ. - ȹ Ҵ ùܰ迡 ϴ ȴ. óҴ ҿ - ȹ Ҹ Ȱȭ Ѵ. ݴ ڴ ڿ ̵ ϴ.
ϸ, ü̷е Ȳ Ϸ Ѵ. ̷е װ ̿ ִٰ . ڴ ̷ ʹ а ְ Ѿ ɷ° Ӽ ԽŰ ִٰ Ѵ. ̷е ʹ ؼ ǵ ̷ ϱ ٴ ̴.
忡 ڴ ϱ 캸Ҵ. , , Ȳ, ü ̴. ٸ ڵ ٸ ٺ ϴ Ϸ ٵ ٸ ִ. ó ٵ ʴ. γ ӿ ãϰ , ɹؿ ִ ǥ üȭϷ õ ϰ ִ. Ȳ Ȳ , , ൵ ִ üȭϷ ϰ , ü ٰ Ȳ õϰ ִ. , 츮 ΰ ɿ ƴ ٴ ϰԵǸ Ƿ Ǹ. 20 ΰ м ʰ ӵǾ Դٴ 츮 Ѵٸ, 츮 ִ Ӹƴ϶ ָ Դ ̴.