Kenneth
Mark Colby
(1920 ~ 2001)
AI 의 업적
(편집증 환자를 흉내낸 PARRY
제작) 으로 잘 알려진
정신과 의사
Kenneth Mark Colby, M. D.
: Parry
: Kenneth Mark Colby 는 1941 년 예일대학 의과대학을
졸업했고, Cincinnati 대학과 University of California School of Medicine in San Francisco
에서 정신과 트레이닝을 받았다. 그는 20 년동안 정신과 와 정신치료 (psychotherapy)
로 환자를 치료했으며, 정신치료에 관한 저서 A Primer for
Psychotherapists 를 저술했다.
그는 National Institute of
Mental Health 에서 Career Research Scientist Award 를 수상했고, 1974 년까지
Computer Science at Stanford University 의 교수였으며, 그 후에 Department of Psychiatry at the University of
California School of Medicine at Los Angeles 로 옮겼다. UCLA 에서는 Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
의 교수와 명예교수였고 Department of Computer Science 의 겸임교수였다. 2001
년 그는 81 세를 일기로 캘리포니아 Malibu 에서 사망했다.
그는 psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy, and artificial
intelligence 분야에서 10 권의 책과 100 개 이상의 논문을 냈다. 그는
1971 년에 Stanford 대학의 컴퓨터과학과 교수로 있으면서 AI lab 에서 Parry 를
만들었다. 그것은 편집증 (paranoid) 과정을
컴퓨터 시뮬레이션한 것으로서, D. J. Hand 의
Artificial Intelligence and Psychiatry (Cambridge University Press, 1985) 에서는
"지금까지 만들어진 것중에서 가장 인상적인 시뮬레이션이 PARRY 이다"
라고 묘사하였다. 사람과의 대화를 흉내낸
Chatterbot 으로
알려진 프로그램 Parry 는, 그때까지 튜링 테스트
(Turing Test) 를 통과한 유일한 프로그램으로
알려지고 있다.
그 프로그램으로 그는 컴퓨터
칩이 편집증적 정신분열증 (paranoid schizophrenic) 를 모방하도록 프로그램될 수
있다는 것을 보여주었다. 테스트 인터뷰에서, 정신과의사가 Teletype 를 통해 Parry
와 대화를 하는데, 실제로 진짜 편집증을 가진 사람들의 반응과 구분할 수가 없었다.
말년에 그는 그의 아들 Peter
M. Colby 와 함께 Malibu 에 있는 소프트웨어
회사인 Malibu Artifactual Intelligence
Works 를 설립하였고, 그의
아들 Peter 는 그의 회사에서 치료 프로그램 Overcoming Depression 를 만들었는데,
그것은 무제한적인 매일의 언어에서 독특한 대화형의 dialogue mode 를 가진 computer-based cognitive therapy program
이다. 즉 대화형의 쉬운 언어로서 환자가 우울증을
이해하고, 극복하고, 방지할 수 있도록 설계된 프로그램이다.
그는 1966 년
MIT 의 Joseph Weizenbaum 이
만든 ELIZA 를
변형하여 Parry 에 적용시켰다. Eliza 는 인간지능의 연습이라기 보다는 하나의 language-parsing tool
로서 개발되었다. 버나드 쇼의 소설 "Pygmalion" 에 나오는 천민에서 귀부인으로
새로이 탄생하는 여성 Eliza Doolittle 에서 이름을 딴 것으로, Eliza 는 최초의
대화형 컴퓨터 프로그램으로서, 어드바이스를 하기보다는 질문에 답변을 하는 정신치료사
(psychotherapist) 를 모방하도록 설계되었다.
비록 어리석은 넌센스의 대답을 하는 실수를 하기는 하지만, 대화를 통해서 답변을
하도록 되어있다.
Eliza 와 편집증
환자 Parry 가 "대화" 를 위해 서로
다른 프로그램으로서 결국 만났다. 그 대화의 교환은 다음과 같이 이루어졌다 :
PARRY In my opinion, you have a one- track mind.
ELIZA What makes you think I have a one-track mind?
PARRY I used to go to the track every week.
ELIZA What does that suggest to you?
PARRY I avoid racetracks now because the races are fixed.
ELIZA Is that the real reason?
PARRY I'd rather not discuss it.
ELIZA What else would you like to discuss?
PARRY That's something I don't want to go into.
주요
경력
- M. D. from Yale University at age 23.
- At 31 wrote classic text on psychotherapy, A Primer for Psychotherapists.
- 1961-62 - Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo
Alto, CA
- 1967 - Career Research Scientist for NIMH at Stanford with lifetime research
grant.
- Created PARRY (a model of paranoid thinking) at Stanford Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory. Several of the graduate students who worked on this
model now hold high-level positions at Apple, Inc.
- 1974 - Full Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at UCLA
School of Medicine. Joint appointment in Computer Science.
- 1984 - Created computer program Overcoming Depression for cognitive therapy
of depression.
- 1989 - Founded Malibu Artifactual Intelligence Works specializing in
cognitive therapy and conversational language software.
- 1990 - present. Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry and
Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine
PROFESSIONAL RECORD:
- 1950
- Diplomate, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.
- 1955-57
- Instructor in Psychiatry, Director of PsychiatricOutpatient Clinic, Stanford
School of Medicine, San Francisco.
- 1958-64
- Assistant Chief of Psychiatry, Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco.
- 1961-62
- Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in theBehavioral Sciences, Palo Alto,
California
- 1962-64
- Associate Professor of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California
- 1964-67
- Research Associate, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University,
Palo Alto, California.
- 1967-74
- Career Research Scientist, National Institute of Mental Health, Department
of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California.
- 1974-75
- Adjunct Professor, Department of ComputerScience, Artificial Intelligence,
Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
- 1974-90
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry andBiobehavioral Sciences, University
ofCalifornia, School of Medicine at Los Angeles.
- 1977-80
- Professor, Department of Computer Science,(Joint Appointment), University of
California at Los Angeles.
- 1982-84
- Director, Artificial Intelligence Research Project, Crump Institute of
Medical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles.
- 1990-Present
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California School of Medicine at Los Angeles.
- 1990-Present
- Founder and Vice-President of MalibuArtifactual Intelligence Works
specializing in computer therapysoftware. Malibu, California
MEMBERSHIP IN SOCIETIES:
- American Psychiatric Association (Lifetime Member)
- Sigma Xi
- American Association for Philosophy of Science
EDITORIAL BOARDS:
- Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
- Computers and Human Behavior
- Journal of Intelligent Systems
REVIEWER OF GRANT PROPOSALS FOR:
- National Science Foundation - Sections on:
- Memory and Cognition
- Intelligent Systems, Computer Science Division
- Science and Technology to Aid the Physically Handicapped
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Private Research Foundations
REFEREE OF JOURNAL ARTICLES FOR:
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- New Ideas in Psychology
- Computers and Human Behavior
- Cognitive Science
- Philosophical Psychology
PUBLICATIONS:
BOOKS (Partial List)
- Colby, K. M. (1951) A Primer For Psychotherapists, New York:
Ronald Press.
- Schank, R. and Colby, K.M. (Eds.) (1973) Computer Models of Thought
and Language, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
- Colby, K.M. (1975) Artificial Paranoia: A Computer Simulation of
Paranoid Processes, New York: Pergamon Press.
- Colby, K.M. and Spar, J.E. (1983) The Fundamental Crisis in
Psychiatry: Unreliability of Diagnosis, Springfield: Charles C.
Thomas.
- Colby, K.M. and Stoller, R.J. (1988) Cognitive Science and
Psychoanalysis, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Inc.
ARTICLES (Partial List)
- Colby, K. M. (1962) The Therapist's Contribution to the Treatment
Process. In Research in Psychotherapy, Vol. II, pp. 95-101, Strupp, H. H.
and Luborsky, L., (Eds.), American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.,
342 pp.
- Colby, K. M. (1964) Psychotherapeutic Processes. In Annual
Review of Psychology, pp. 347-370, Farnsworth, P., McNemar, A., and McNemar, Q.
(Eds.), Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc.
- Colby, K. M. (1964) Experimental Treatment of Neurotic Computer
Programs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10: 220-227.
- Colby, K. M. Watt, J. and Gilbert, J. P. (1966) A Computer Method for
Psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 142:
148-152.
- Colby, K. M. And Enea, H. (1967) Heuristic Methods for Computer
Understanding of Natural Language in Context Restricted On-Line
Dialogues. Mathematical Biosciences, 1: 1-15.
- Colby, K. M. (1968) Psychological Treatment of Mental
Disorders. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 10,
pp. 172-178, Sills, D. L. (Ed.) New York: Macmillan and the Free Press.
- Colby, K. M., Smith, D. C. (1971) Computers in the Treatment of
Nonspeaking Autistic Children. Current Psychiatric Therapies, Masserman,
J. (Ed.) Vol. 11, pp. 1-17, New York: Grune and Stratton, Inc. (Invited
chapter).
- Colby, K. M. (1973) The Rationale for Computer-Based Treatment of
Language Difficulties in Nonspeaking Autistic Children. Journal of Autism
and Childhood Schizophrenia, 3: 254-260.
- Colby, K. M. (1976) On the Morality of Computers Providing
Psychotherapy. Sigart Newsletter, 59: 9-10.
- Parkison, R. C., Colby, K. M. and Faught, W. S. (1977) Conversational
Language Comprehension Using Integrated Pattern-Matching and Parsing.
Artificial Intelligence, 9: 111-134. Reprinted in Readings in Natural Language
Processing, Grosz, B., Jones, K. S., Webber, B. L. (Eds.) Los Altos: Morgan
Kaufman Publishers, Inc., 1986.
- Colby, K. M. (1980) Computer Psychotherapists. In Technology in Mental
Health Care Delivery Systems. Sidowski, J. B., Johnson, J. J., Williams,
S. A. (Eds.) New Jersey: Ablex. (Invited chapter).
- Colby, K. M. (1981) Modeling a Paranoid Mind (Invited article
with 18 peer commentaries and the author's response) Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 4: 515-560.
- Colby, K. M. (1986) The Ethics of Computer-assisted
Psychotherapy. (Invited article) Psychiatric Annals., 16:
414-415.
- Colby, K. M., Gould, R. and Aronson, G. (1989) Some Pros and Cons of
Computer-Assisted Psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
117: 105-108.
- Colby, K. M., Gould, R., Aronson, G. and Colby, P. M., (1991) A Model
of Common-Sense Reasoning Underlying Intentional Nonaction in Stressful
Interpersonal Situations and Its Application in the Technology of Computer
Psychotherapy. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 1: 259-272.
- Colby, K. M. (1995) A Computer Program Using Cognitive Therapy To
Treat Depressed Patients. (Invited article) Psychiatric Services,
46:1223-1225.
- Colby, K. M. (1999) Human-Computer Conversation in the Cognitive
Therapy Program Overcoming Depression. In Wilks, Y. (Ed.), Machine
Conversations, Dordrecht, Netherlands,
Kluver.