۽ ǿ
ٵö : ڿ켮 , ǻ, 2002, Page 192 ~ 251
̱ ǿ (pragmatism) âڷ Ǵ ۽ (Charles Sanders Peirce) ߽ 並 ľϰ, װ â ǿ ü ̷ ٽ ̷е ν ó ϰ ִ ǿ ٰ Ϸ ִ.
켱 ǻ (Karl-Otto Apel) 籸 ۽ ܰ ϰ . 켱 ۽ ǿǸ Ų ñ ǿǿ Ƽ (pragmaticism) Ѿ ñ , ñ⸦ 1 (1855~1871) 2 (1871~1883), 3 (1883~1893 Ǵ 1902) 4 (1898 Ǵ 1902~1914) ϰ ִ (ּ : Apel, Charles S. Peirce : From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism, J. M. Krois (trans.) (Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1981) Ch. 2, pp. 14-8.).
1 ۽ öл ӿ ڽ ñ, Ư ĭƮ ߿ϴ. ñ⸦ ۽ ǿ ǹ ǹ Ѿ ñ Ư¡. 2 ̱öа ǿǰ ǿ ñ, ۽ ο Ž ȭ (The Fixation of Belief) ϰ ϴ (How to Make Our Ideas Clear) ̶ . ñ⸦ ǹ - ǿ Ư¡. 3 ۽ ö ü Ȯ ñ̴. ñ⸦ ۽ ǿǿ ȭ ̻ ư ñ Ư¡ ִ. 4 ۽ Ƽ ϼ ñ, ñ⸦ ۽ ǿǿ Ƽ Ѿ ñ Ư¡.
(Burks) ۽ ܰ踦 4 ܰ µ, ϴ ͺٴ Ȯ ǥ Ǵ ǵ鿡 , ᱹ 뵿 δ. , 1 ̰ ȸ ȣ (semiotic) ̰, ȿ ΰ ϳ ȣ 1868~69 ̷ ٽ ñ Ѵ. 2 1877~78 ۽ ߰ (Popular Science Monthly) (Illustrations of the Logic of Science) Ʒ ǥ ñ̴. ǿǸ õ ϰ ϴ ߿ϰ, Ȯ ñ һ̶ Ѵ. 3 쿬 (Tychism), (Synechism), ư (Agapism) ȭ ñ̴. 4 1900 뿡 ۽ 2 ǿǰ (nominalistic) ä ϰ ñ̸, Ű ȥ Ҹ꿡 Ǹ ñ̴ (ּ : Burks, "Peirce's Evolutionary Pragmatic Idealism", Synthese 106, pp. 323-72 (1996).).
۽ ǿ Կ ־ ٽ Ǵ 2 ۵̶ ڸ ڸϴ. ߿ װ ǿǿ Ƽ ̶ ִ. ̷ ο ΰ ڴ 'ǿ ݷ' (pragmatic maxim) ' (abduction) ' Ѵ. Ʒ ̴.
2 ۽ 1 ȵ鿡 ¼ Ͽ° ϰ 캸 Ѵ. ⼭ ߿ ǰ ĭƮ ݺ̴. ū ƶ ӿ ȭ ؼ ϰ 캼 ̴.
3 ۽ ٽ ̶ й з, ȣ, ַ ϰ Ѵ. ϳ ϳ å з ʿ ϴ ̹Ƿ Ǵ ǿ ݷ ۽ ϴ Ǵ ѵ ۿ .
4 ߽ κ ⼭ ڴ 켱 ' ȭ' Ÿ ۽ ǽɰ м ص 캸 Ѵ. ' ϰ ϴ ' Ÿ ǿ ݷ Ѵ. ̷ ' ' (correspondence theory of truth) п Ե μ Ǵ ̴.
п شϴ 5 Ͽ ۽ ٽ ҵ ȣ 踦 ٽ ΰŰ, ÿ ۽ ó 츮 Ҿ ϰ ִٴ ֱ öп ݽ £ ۽ Ư ġ, ǿ ݷ , а ̻ ȹ (demarcation) ۽ Ÿ缺 ̴.
(universal) ν ϴ Ŀ´Ƽȿ ȣ (sign) 谡 ǥ ɼ ִٴ ۽ ö ߽ ϳ̸, (William of Ockham) ̷ ȣ κ װ ִ ̴. ϵ, ۽ ° ϸ, ȭų ٴ ִ.
۽ (conceptualism) · ߿ װ ǹϴ ش ° Ѵ. ״ ̷ (nominalism) ô븦 dzϸ鼭 κ öڵ , īƮ, , ڵ, ĭƮ, Եȴ. װ ٴп ȴٴ ܳ ۽ ڽŵ ʱ ظ Ƶ鿴ٰ Ѵ. (Goudge) , ֹ (Francis Elligwood Abbott) ŷ (Scientific Theism, 1885) а ۽ ٺ ־ ̰ ߸ Ѵٴ Ҵٰ Ѵ. (CP 1.20) (ּ : Goudge (1950), The Thought of C. S. Peirce (New York : Dover) p. 96.)
۽ 1868 纯ö (Journal of Speculative Philosophy) ǥ ɷ Ͱ (Some Consequences of Four Incapacities)̴. ⼭ ״ ڽ ߰, 忡 鸲 ٴ 뼳̴. Ŭ ۽ 1871 뽺ī (North American Review) Ƿȴµ, 'Ŭ ' θ ˷ ̱ۿ ״ ݶ п Ȯ õߴ. (ּ : Boler ۽ Ŭ In Metaph. VII, q. 18 (Vives VII, 452b ff.) ſ ϴٰ Ѵ. ̷ο ۽ ڽ ä ߴٰ Ҵٴ ̴. Goudge (1950), p. 96 .)
۽ ö ݵ ̾ Ѵٰ ߰, ٴö ۾ȴ° ؾ߸ ߴ. (CP 1.19, 2.12, 8.208) [ķδ ۽ Ī ǥ] , ߿伺 ü ǰ ֱ ġ ιڵ ڵ 鼭 쿬 а踦 dzϰ Ǿٴ ̴. ư ȣ ſ νϿٴ ۽ ̾. ȰŰ ϴ ȣϱ ״ ְ 縦 ٷ ϴ Ϲݼ ߿伺 ο ΰѾ ߴ. ȭ ʼ̶ Ƹڷ ұ ִ ̵̴. ۽ ư ü ִ ̸ öڵ Դٰ Ѵ. (CP 1.20, 1.6, 1.32-34, 2.166)
۽ , Ҵ ִ.
ĥ ؼ, ڵ Ϲ Ҹ ǰ ϴ ̰ Ұ ľ ݸ, ĥ ؼ ڵ Ϲ ǥ Ӹ ƴ϶ ߿ ҷ Ҵ. ſ , ݵ ̴. (CP 4.1)
ٽ ؼ, ۽ ϸ а Ģ̳ Ϲ ΰ ΰ ϴµ ִ. (CP 1.16) Ģ̳ Ϲ 繰 ǥϴ µ鿡 Ұϸ ʴ´ٴ е 忡 ڵ ϰ ݹѴ.
۽ ִ Ư ΰ ΰ̶ ٴ ̶ Ұ, װ (John Duns Scotus) п ϵ ̯ Ѵٴ ָѴ. ״ ٸ ΰ Ǵ Ư Ϸ ΰ ̿ ̰ ִٰ Ѵ. (CP 5.312) (ּ : J. F. Boler (1963), Charles Peirce and Scholastic Realism, (Seattle : Univ. of Washington Press), p. 25.)
۽ ĭƮ ̼ǡ 2 ð 3 ѵ Ͽ å ü ϱ ö ϰ ߴٰ ִ. (MS 160,3) (ּ : D. R. Anderson (1995), p 4 ο.) 翡 ϸ, û ĭƮκ ۽ ν Ұ ü 縦 ϰų Ÿ缺 ϴ ؾ ϴ, ĭƮ Ȳ ذ ߴ. (ּ : Apel (1981), p. 35). װ ٷ Ƿμ ǿ (fallibilism) ̴. ؼ ۽ ĭƮö ȣ ߴ 캸 .
翡 , ȸǷ (skepticism) ǿ Ͽ ʿ ִٴ ĭƮ ̿ 3 ۽ ̴. װ ̰, (fallible) ϵ, ߸ ʿ Ÿ缺 Ѵٴ ̴. ۽ ־ ̰ ʿ ߸ ñ (in the long run) Ÿ缺̴. (John Stuart Mill) ݴϿ ͳ̰ ߸ Ÿ缺 ٰ ٰ ۽ ϸ鼭 ĭƮ ִ.
ư Ÿϱ Ǵܵ ݵ ʿ ʿ䰡 ߸ ñ Ÿ缺 ϸ ȴٴ ۽ ̷ ϴ ٸ ϰ ִ.
ٽ ؼ, ۽ ϴ Ǵ ĭƮ п ̻ ü ɼ Ѵ (ּ : Apel (1981), p. 48.).
Ÿ缺 ϴ ̿ ϴ ߸ ǰ Ǹ, ۽ ͳ Ǿٴ ̴.
19 ٸ е麸 ɰϰ ȭ , Ư ̱ ε鿡 ѷ , ۽ ܰ ƴϴ. (Goudge) Ư ۽ ı ϴ ʼ μ ȭ (ּ : Goudge (1950) pp. 227 ǿ pp. 11-3 ǿ д.).
۽ а п Ӹ ƴ϶ ȭ ߰, õ, ɸ, , ڷμ ü , ߵ ̾. Űۿ ϹݹĢ ӵ ɼ Žϸ, ־ ڱؿ ϴ ȴٰ ߴ ̴. (CP 3.157, 3.158) Ͽ ڼ ǵǰ, ̶ ۽ ٽ ߿伺 Ѵ. ڿĢ Ǿ Ǵ (habit) ȹ ൿ̶ ߿Ͽ. ΰ ٽ ̶ "ΰ ٹ" (CP 6.228) ̶ ظϰ Ÿ. ̶ 츮 ǽϰ ִ Ұϸ (CP 4.53), Ǵ ǰ ǰϿ ΰ غ Ǿ ִ ̶ ִ. (CP 2.148) Ž ̷ ǿ ڱؿ ¼ ǽϰ ν Ῡ ¿ (CP 5.417) ο Ȯϰ ־ صȴ. (CP 2.173, 5.375)
۽ ȭ ȣڿ. ó ״ ﰢ ȭ ϰ, ṵ̈, ϰ, ö Ϲȭ ǥ λ Ҵ. (CP 1.33) ʳ ״ ̷μ Ưٰ̾ ϱ ߴ (ּ : Goudge (1950), p. 227.) ״ ȭ Ű ʹ е̶ ȭ Ϲ ǿ ؼ ϵ ǽɵ ǰ ʾҴ. װ ȭ Ű ȭ ƴϴ. Ȯ ȭ ϾĴ ״ ȸ̾. ״ ̷а 漭 ̷, ڽ ݺ (cataclysmal) ȭ ̷ ɰϰ Ͽٰ Ѵ. ״ ũ ̷е ġ ̾ ǵ鿡 ؼ Ѵٰ ߴ. ״ ̰ ̶⺸ ۽ٴ Ű ϴٰ ߰, ̵ ȯ ȭ ȣ ȴٴ ָߴ. ״ ȭ ȭ ΰ ߴٴ ϴ а (paleontology) ϰ ߿ ǵ鿡 ߾ ո̶ Ҵ. (CP 6.17)
۽ ȭ ʳ , ˷, ȭƮ ߴٰ 鼭, ٰŷ ΰ ȭ ֵ ̶ , ߿ ȭ ̶ , ص ٴ , â ο â (emergence) ϴ ̶ , ȭ ָ , ȸ, Ȯ ִٴ Ȯߴٴ ãҴ.
۽ ɿϿٴ Ŵ ٵ ڿĢ ü ȭѴٴ ã. 츮 쿬 ϴ ӿ ִٴ 쿬 (tychism) ڿĢ ൿ μ ð ȭǰ Ǵ ص ̴. (CP 1.402-3) (ּ : S. M. (1977, 1999), ǿǡ, ( : б Ǻ) 42 ǿ ڿڵ ڿ ΰ Ȱ ȭ 信 Ҵٰ Ѵ.)
Ƹڷ ٸ 뿡 ̷ ǥ ۽ з ̴. ۽ з ۽Լ ߰ߵǴ ڿ (naturalism) ʿ (transcendentalism) ÷ϰ ְ ñ ۽ ڿǸ ϰ ʿǷ Ѿ ϰ شٴ ٰſ ۾ ۽ Կ ־ ְ ߿伺 Ѵٰ ִ (ּ : Goudge (1950), p. 44.).
, ۽ з Ư 1900 , װ з (Essays on Classification, 1857) ư (Louis Agassiz) â α ұ ִ (ּ : Goudge (1950), p. 44.). з ü赵 ٴ ۽ ˰ ־. ö е鿡 ģ, з ذ 䱸DZ ۽ зϴ Ժη ؼ ȴٰ Ѵ. (CP 1,203) Ӹ ƴ϶ 츮 е ŰϿ з е з ۿ ߿ 쿡 Ϻϰ зü ִ ʴ´. (CP 2.636)
۽ ư 踦 (branches) (ּ : ó п (branch) Ϲ (phylum) (class) ̿ شѴٰ Ѵ.) (classes), (orders), (families), (genera), (species) з ⺻ Ƶ̸鼭 ټ з Ʋ Ҵ. з ñ ̸ ٲ ü .
켱 ״ а ̷аа õ . " ܼ, ̷а, ̿ õ" (CP 1.239) ̷а 1) ǵ ϰ, ϰ, ϰ, ϴ '߰ ' 2) ʷϿ ؼ öп ̸ ߰ 迭ϴ Ϸ νϴ ' ' (Science of review) (branch) . (CP 1.182)
߰ (Science of Discovery Ǵ heuristic sciences) ٽ , ö, ̵ (Idioscopy) еȴ.
۽ ̷ Ѵ. " Ͱ Ͽ Ѵ. ü װ ʴ´." (CP 1.247) ش ߵ װ ߿伺 鿡 ã ִ. 1) ֵ ־ , 2) ۽ ö ü ʼ . ۽ а Ư װ ǹ̿ ̶ Ҵٴ ã ִ. Ģ տ ǰϿ Ģ ӿ üȭǾ װ͵ 踦 ãƳ (thought experiment) ۾ ǿ ݷ а ڿ ̿ Ͽ ٽ ǵ ̴.
ö е μ ϻ κ ߸ ִ ̳ Ѵ. (CP 1.241) ٽ ؼ ۽ ־ ö ϳ μ ϻ ȯ ̷ 迡 ŽѴ. ÿ װ ۾ Ѵ. ۾ ϻ Ǵ° к ɷ¸ 䱸DZ Ư ũе 䱸 , ұϰ θ Ǵ ϼ Ȯ к Ⱑ ߿ Ʒ ʿϴٰ Ѵ.
(Jeremy Bentham) ۽ '̵' θ ° ߰ ȣ ǵ е Եȴ. Ǵ Ư п 䱸ȴ. ۿ Žϴ (physical sciences, physiognosy) Žϴ ɸ (psychical science, psychognosy) ̶ Ϻ - (subclass) ִ.
п 1) (the Mathematics of Logic), 2) ҿ (the Mathematics of Discrete Series), 3) Ӱ ǻ - (the Mathematics of Continua and Pseudo-continua) ִ. öп 1) (pheneomenology), 2) Թ (Normative Science), 3) ̻ (Metaphysics) ִ. ° ϸ, Թе ̻ ü ٷ Ͱ ȴ. װ ö ɼ ü Žϸ, Կ ־ п , Ϲȭ ̿Ѵ. Թе ٷ а ʿ Ѵ. ̻ Ű ֿ ظ ְ ϸ а Թп 븦 д.
а ɸе Ʒ Ѵ. Ʒ 1) Ģ Ϲݹ, 2) з , 3) ִ. ɸ Ʒ 1) Ģ ɸ (Ǵ ɸ), 2) з ɸ [Ǵ μ (ethnology)], 3) ɸ (Ǵ ).
Թ Ʒ Ϻ- (sub-order) ü Ǹ Ȯϰ ϴ , Ͽ Ǹ Ȯϰ ϴ , Ư μ Ͽ Ǹ ã ϴ ´. ۽ ְ ϱ п ȣؾ ϰ, ڱ ٷ μ п ãƾ Ѵٰ Ҵ. а п Ѵٰ Ѵ. (CP 1.191)
ȣ ۿ Ѵٰ ұ ۽ ־ ȣ Ϲ Ģ Žϴ ̾. , 1) 纯 (Speculative Grammar) 2) (Critic), 3) (Methodeutic) װ͵̴. 纯 ȣ ǹ Ϲ̷̰, зϰ Ÿ缺 Ѵ. , ظ 뿡 ߱Ǿ Ѵ.
̻ Ʒ 1) (Ontology) Ǵ Ϲ ̻ (General Metaphysics), 2) ̻ (Religious Metaphysics) Ǵ ɸ ̻ (Psychical Metaphysics), 3) ̻ (Physical Metaphysics) Ϻ - (sub-order) ִ. ̻ , , ȥҸ ַ Žϰ, ̻ ð, , , ΰ Ѵ.
а ɸ Ʒ Ϻ - Ѵ. (CP 1.180-202)
տ ̹ з ۽ 4 ܰ輳 並 Ⱦ, ܰ , , Ӽ и ʾҾ. Ҹ ۽ '3' ̶ ڸ Ͽ, ȣп - ǥ - ¡, ַп 1 - 2 - 3 , ߸ - ͳ - , ȭ 쿬 - - ư , 3 ü ߴٴ ϸ, ټ ؼҵ ϴ. ϵ ۽ ȣ Ͽ, 1 ۽ ȣ ΰ Ŀ´Ƽ ̾߱߰, 2 Ư Žڵ Ŀ´Ƽ ν " ϰ ϴ " Ÿ ȭ ǹ ̷п ߰ 3 ΰ Ŀ´Ƽ ȣ ߸ ȭκ 쿬 - - ưǷ Ǵ ȭп ߰, 4 2 ä ϰ ( 缺) а 信 , θ ۽ ȭ ƽ ̶ DzϰԳ ۽ 帧 ߾ ´ (ּ : Burks, Ibid., p. 335. ۽ ȣп Ǵ Misak (1991) ũ ߴ.).
1 ۽ īƮ ĭƮ ϸ鼭 ΰ ɷ ߴٴ , ⼭ Ͽ ȣ̹Ƿ ٸ ؼǾ Ѵٰ Ǹ Ѵ. װ ȣ ̱ ̶ ̴. (CP 5.251-253 ) ۽ Ž ȣ ۿ ̰, η ȸ μ Ž Ѵٰ ȣ Ų. Ͽ ΰ ϴ ȣ ΰ ṵ̈, ȣ λ Ϸ Ѵٸ ΰ ȣ ȴٰ Ѵ. ⼭ " ڽ ü̴. ֳϸ ΰ ̱ ̴" ´. (CP 5.313-317 )
۽ ȣ ü 踸δ ǥ ظ ٰ ǥ ȣ, , ؼڶ 迡 Ѵٰ ν ؼ ȣ ߽ɺο ġ״. ǥ ܰ ۽ ȣ (icon), ǥ (index), ¡ (symbol) Ͱ ȴ. (CE 2, 56, 1867, "On a New List of Categories")
缺 巯 ̴ ȣ. (CP 3.362 ; 2.299 ; 4.447) ʻȭ װ ̰, Ư ̴. ۽ ȣ ǹ̴ ַ װ ȴٰ Ѵ. ٽ ؼ ̳ ϳ ̰ ϴ װ װ Ҵٴ ̴.
ǥ װ ΰ Ű ȣ. ǥ ǹѴ. (CP 3.360, 5.73, 4.447) , ȯ ǥ̰, ȭ ǥ. ۽ ǥ Ӽ װ ָ ϴ ɷ¿ ãҴ. (CP 1.369, 2,285, 2.287) ΰ Ű հ, ε帲, Ǵ ô ؼڿ ߰ ν Ǹ ȯѴ. ̷ ν ǥ ܿ װ ε巯 Ư Ѵ. (CP 8.119)
¡ ̰ų Ģ ϴ ܾ, , Ǵ ̴. ۽ ¡ ȣ װ ǰ صDZ ̶ Ѵ. (CP 2.307, 1.369) ¡ Ǵ ǿ Ǹ ϸ ǵ ´. ⼭ ۽ ǿ ǹ̸ װ ǹ װ ǥ ܿ ǹ̿ Ų. (CP 8.119) ȣ ؼڰ ؼ ȭڰ ȴٸ ȭڴ ؼڿ Ư ȿ ϱ ȣ ֱ ¡ ǿ ǹ̸ ´. ۽ ȿ ȣ ؼ (interpretant) θ.
۽ ؼҸ Ѵ. (CP 8.315, 5.475, 4.536, 8.184) 'ﰢ (immediate) ؼҴ Ư ص ȣ ռ̴. '' (dynamical) ؼҴ ȣ ؼڿ ȿ̴. '' (final) ؼҴ ᱹ ùٸ ؼ̶ ȿ̴. ۽ ǿ ǹ̰ ؼ ñ ؼҿ ִٰ Ѵ. (CP 5.476, 5.491, 5.494) ϳ ȣ ؼ ؼҸ ҷŰ, ؼ ü ϳ ȣ̹Ƿ ؼ Ⱑ ۵ȴ. (infinite regress) ñ ؼ Ǵ ȭ (habit-change) .
ֿ (category) Ǵ ۽ ȿ δ. ̸ ñ װ ֵ ۼ߰, Կ װ ٴ ǵ Ų. ⼭ ǿ ߿ ҵ鸸 ΰ Ѵ.
۽ 1 (Firstness) , , , װ ״ ȭѴ (flavors, fragrances, and qualities). 1 üμ ̴. (CP 1.302, 7.528) װ ɼ, (CP 1.25) ɼ [pure may-be (CP 1.304)] ȴ.
۽ ־ װ ۿ 2 (Secondness) ߿ ̸, Ÿڿ ٰŰ ȴ. (CP 1.325, 4.3) μ 浹 2 ִ. ۽ ̰ ģ [brute (CP 1.427, 2.84)] [blind (CP 1.328)], [unique (CP 7.352)], 쿬 [contingent (CP 1.427, 4.29)] Ư¡. ߿ ۽ װ '̰' (a bare thisness, an haecceity) ̶ θ Ѵ. (CP 1.341, 1.405, 1.458, 3.434) װ ̳ Ģ Ư Ῡϰ, ̰ ̾ (CP 1.21, 1.325, 1.456, 1.532, 3.612, 4.542, 5.502, 6.343, 6.349, 6.495, 7.534) Ұ ߿ ʿ̸ (CP 1.427 2.84), װ ̴ ɼ ̿ ĵ Ұϴٴ ǹ̿ 츮 Ұ ȴ.
3 (Thirdness) Ű ַμ ϰ . ۽ ̰ ְ Ҵ. (CP 4.432) Ϲݼ, , Ӽ, Ȯ, , õǴ ȣ , ϳ ȣ װ ϰų ϴ 信 Ÿٴ ߰ߵȴٰ Ѵ. (CP 1.339) ۽ װ ʿ 'ǥ' (representation) ̶ ҷ װ ϴٴ 'Ű' (mediation) Ҵ. (CP 3.422, 4.3) װ Ű ֵ ֵ̰ Ǵ ̸, ǥ 游 Ѵٰ ۽ ִ. (CP 5.104) ٸ Ȯϴ ɵ μ Ģ ٷ 3 ȴ.
̷ Ǵ ֵ Ư¡ ڰ 2 ϰ, ҿ ڰ 1 ϴ ݸ鿡 Ϻ ڽ 3 Ѵٴ 巯. (CP 1.567)
۽ ǿ ־ ߿ öϰ ʿ䰡 ִ. ״ (tenacity) , (authority) , (dialectical discussion) ñ 䱸Ǵ °, Ͽ ϰ ִ. ⼭ ״ ڵ ȸ ̷ ȭ ߸ ڿ Ҹ ϰ ִ.
۽ 켱 ǽɰ 鿡 ָѴ. Ǵ ̰ ǽɰ ̸ ش. °, ̷, 츮 츮 εϰ 츮 ൿ Ѵ. ۽ , ϴ´ٴ ټҰ 츮 츮 ൿ Ȯߴٴ ش. °, ǽ κ 츮 عǰ · ư ϴ ϰ Ҹ ̴. ݸ 츮 ȸϱ⸦ Ҹϴ ƴ ϰ ̴. (CP 5.370-372)
ǽɰ 츮 Ѵ. 츮 Ͽ ﰢ ൿϰ ϴ ƴ϶ ° Ư ൿϵ . ǽ װ Ҹ Ž ϵ 츮 ڱѴ. (CP 5.673)
̷ ۽ ǽ ڱ ¸ ϱ ϴ ȴٰ ´. ״ 'Ž' (Inquiry) ̸Ѵ. (CP 5.374) ǽɰ Ҿ ¿ Ϸ ۵ǰ, ǽ Ҹ Ҿ . ۽ ư ̷κ ̷ο . " Ž ǰ ̴." ǹ̸ 巯 ״ 츮 ߱ϴ ٰ ܼ ǰ ƴ϶ ǰ̶ Ǵ ݷ Ѵ. ϸ ̷ ݷ ٰŰ µ, ֳϸ Ȯ ڸ 츮 װ ̰ ̰ ϰ ̴.
츮 ۿ ִ ͵ 츮 иѵ, ֳϸ ſ ġ ʴ ͵ Ⱑ ̴. ִ ٴ ⲯؾ 츮 ̶ ߱Ѵٴ ̴. (CP 5.375)
' ' ڽ Ͽ ǽ ǰ ʰ, ǰ ʴ ̴. ⼭ ϴ װ ڱⰡ ٶ ٿ ´ ϴ , ̷ ڱ ߽ Ǵϰ ִ Ῡν ǹ̿ · Ű Ѵ.
' ' ϴ Ͽ Ȯ ü Ѵ. , ġ, Ư ִ ̳ ذ Ư , 忡 ϴ ߰ߵȴ. Ư ϱ ó ΰϴ Ȥ ݵ Ӹ ƴ϶, ϴ ʴ´ٴ Ҹ .
' ' ̻ 翡 ߰ߵǸ, ̻ ü κ ǿ ٰ ʴٴ Ѵ. ᱹ ü ̼ ϴ ΰ ô Ǵµ, ۽ ⼭ "̼ յȴ" ġ ƴ϶ "ϰ ;ϴ ȴ" ǹѴٰ Ѵ. ̳ ٴ ξ ̰ ġ , ۽ װ 纯 Ư¡ ν й ϰ ȴٴ Ѵ.
ᱹ ǽ ٺ ذϱ ؼ Ű ο 䱸Ǹ, װ ΰ ƴ϶ ߵκ ִ, Ӽ ϴ, ̾ Ѵ. ۽ ο μ ϸ, װ ǰ߰ ġ شٴ 鿡 Ѵٰ Ѵ. ϸ, ο ġ ̾ ǰ ΰ ġ ̾ Ѵ. Ͽ ״ â ظ ǷѴ.
, ʿ ǵ鿡 پϴٰ , ݵ ΰ ñ ̾߸ Ѵ. ̴. ģ ٽ Ѵٸ, װ ٺ ̷. ϴ 繰 ְ, װ͵ Ư¡ 鿡 츮 ǰߵ ̴. Ģ Ģ鿡 츮 鿡 ġ, 鿡 츮 ٸ ŭ̳ 츮 ٸٰ Ģ ̿ν 츮 繰 Ȯ ִ. ̰ װ װͿ Ѵٸ ϳ п ̴. ε ο ̴. (CP 5.384)
ϰ ϴ (How to Make Our Ideas Clear) ۽ ڵ Ǹ ϰ ִ εϴ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ۽ 'ǿ' ʾ, ʳ 'ǿ ݷ' (Pragmatic Maxim) ̶ Ҹ Ǵ Ģ Ͽ.
"Ƹ 츮 츮 ȭ ϸ ø ϶. ̷ 鿡 츮 츮 ü̴." (CP 5.402)
ü ̻ (Misak) ֱ ۽ â ǿ ߽ ǹ̸ ƴ Ͱ Ͱ ִ° ƴ ̿ ִٴ ̶ Ͽµ, ٷ ǿ ݷ ˶ ǥǾ ִ (ּ : Cheryl Misak (1991), Truth and the End of Inquiry (Oxford : Clarendo Press) p. 3.). ǿ ü ľϴ ǿ ݷ ۽ ʿ پ ȭϰ ߴ. پ Ǻ ̵ ϰ ϰ 䱸ȴ.
켱 ۽ ٽ ѹ ̶ ΰ , װ Ӽ Ѵ. ù°, װ 츮 νϴ ̴. °, װ ǽ ڱ . °, װ 츮 ȿ ϳ ൿ Ģ Ǵ ϳ Ȯϴ Ѵ. (CP 5.397) ۽ ϸ, Ȯ̸, װ͵ ҷŰ ൿ µ鿡 ȴ. ״ ٸ ʴٸ, װ͵ ൿ Ģ ν ǽ ٸ, װ͵鿡 ܼ ǽ ̵ ٸ ֵ ٸ ְ ƴ Ͱ װ͵ ٰ Ѵ. (CP 5.397-8)
ٽ ؼ ǿ ݷ ۽ ־ ڿ Ͱ̶ ִ. ǹ̸ Ͱ鿡 ̳ ϰų Ͻϴ ٸ ƴ϶ Ư ൿϴ (disposition) Ͻϰ Ǵ Ͱ鿡 ȴٰ ϴ ̴. Ͽ콺 (Hausman) ǿ ݷ ϸ鼭 ۽ ǥ ϴ ο ξ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ù°, ɻ簡 Ǵ ƴϴ. °, ۽ ݷ Ϲ 鿡 ϰ ǵ ̴ (ּ Hausman (1991) "Peirce's Evolutionary Realism", TCSPS 27, pp. 475-500.).
۽ ǿ ݷ ʿ ν ǹ̸ üȭϰ ִ. 켱 ״ 츮 繰 ܴϴٰ θ ǹϴ ´. װ ٸ ͵鿡 ϴ. ̷ ü װͿ Ǿ ִ.
˻翡 ȸεDZ ܴ Ͱ ε巯 ̿ ƹ ̵ . (CP 5.403)
̷ 忡 ̾ ۽ Ѵ. ״ ε巯 ߾ӿ ̾Ƹ带 ȭ ڰ Ѵ. ¿ װ ״ ȿ ִٰ . ״ ̾Ƹ ε巴ٰ ϴ ̳İ ´.
ʿ Ͽ 1878 ۽ ؼ ̰ ʳ Ƽ ñ ٸٴ ̷Ӱ ִ (ּ : Burks (1996).). ,
"This diamond is harder than steel."
, (material implication) صǾ, װ 뿡 ȭǾ ִ ̾. ؼ ,
"If this diamond is rubbed by steel, then it will be scratched"
"EITHER the diamond is NOT rubbed by steel OR it is scatched"
ġ̴. ̾Ƹ尡 ˻ ʾҴٸ, ̾Ƹ ö Ӽ ϰ ̴. ۽ ؼ Ǹ,
"If this diamond is rubbed by steel, it will be scatched"
"If this diamond WERE rubbed with the point of a steel knife, then it WOULD NOT be scatched"
(subjunctive) ǹ ʴ´. ٽ ؼ ̷ ؼ ǵ ݻ (counterfactual) ɼ鿡 ؼ ̾߱ϴ ٰ .
߿ ۽ ݷ 信 ̴. ڽ Ģ鿡 , ٸ Ư ̷. 繰 ߱Ѵٴ ε, ֳϸ װ͵ ҷŲ · ǽ ȿ ϱ ̴. Ͽ ״ ΰ ϴ ̶ . ⼭ ǰ Ű Ѵ. (CP 5.406)
, , ̵ л ö Դ , ۽ ڵ Ưϰ Ѱ δ. ϸ ڵ ŭ ָ װ͵ ϳ Ȯ ش ָ ִ. ó ƹ , 鼭 ̹ ϳ ߽ ŵȴٴ ̴. ۽ ̰ Ҹ̶ θ װ 信 Ǿ ִٰ Ҵ.
Ž ð Ŀ ִ°? ۽ <ǿǿ > ڽ ؼ Ȯ ܼ ϰ ִ. 켱 ״ ǿ Ư οϴ Ѵ. ù°, ȿ ־ μ ȿ ִ ƹ͵ . °, Ǵܵ Ϲ ҵ Ѵ. °, ߸ Ǵܻ̿ ƹ ÷ 輱 , Ǵܵ ߸ ش ̴. (CP 5.181)
۽ 츮 ǿ , װ ٸ ˰ Ǹ ִ. ״ ̷ ο ϰ ִ.
, ǿǴ Ư ݷ ϴµ, װ , װ μ ϴ, ٽ ؼ ûμ 鿡 μ, 밡ɼ ̻ Ģ ʿϰ ߸ Ѵ. ư ̰ ǿ ݷ ϴ üϴ ̴. (CP 5.196)
Ǵ ǿ ݷ ǹϴ ٿ ּ Ұ ش. ۽ װ ȭϰ Ǿ, ϵ ǵ ΰ?
̻, ۽ ǥ ̻ ΰ ô 븩 ǿ ǵߴٰ . ۽ ǿ ݷ ɼ (verifiability) Ѵ. ⸦ ᱹ ĥ ŭ Ȥ 鼭 ǵ ϴ ΰ ϴ ̴. 䱸Ѵٸ 鸸 ϰ ȴ. ٰ ȭ ǰ . ̻ ۽ ٷ ̷ ϸ ǿ ݷ ȭϰ ǿǿ Ǵ 鼭 ᱹ ش ذ, ġ ؼ ƹ ɵ ϴ ش ̿ ظ ߴٰ Ѵ (ּ : Misak (1991), ch. 1, p. 3-4.).
и ش ɼ óϴ 鿡 ģϹǷ ۽ ȭ ص ߰ װ͵ ˾ƺ .
̻ 1905 ۽ " ¡ ü Ȳ ¡ Ƶ̴ Ͼ ո ൿ Ϲ µ ü ̷" (CP 5.438) ȭ ǿ ݷ ̶ . ̷ Ǻ ݷ ۽ Ư ȣ ϴ ñ õǾ, ۽ ϴ ݷ ־ ƴ϶ ɷ¿ εǴ° ϴ ־ٴ õȴ. ռ 캻 ؼ ý , ǿ ǹ̴ ȣ ƴ϶ ȣ ϰ صǾ ȴ. ۽ ǿ ǹ̸ 'ǵ ؼ' Ǵ ؼڿ ǵ . ǿ Ͱ 帧 Ͱ̶ ظ ǿ ݷ ̸ Ұ . ǿ ǹ 鿡 䱸Ǵ ΰ ⲯ װ͵ Ͼ ϴ ̵ ϰ ൿϴ° ̸ ; Ѵٴ ͻ̶ ƹ ̳ ̱ ̴. ̻ Ǻ ƹ ǵ ϴ ġ ̶ ´ (ּ : Misak (1991), p. 20.).
ǿ ݷ ȭϴ ٸ ǹ̸ ϰ ϴ ̰ ۽ ̷ ߱ߴٰ Ѵ. ۽ ϴµ, ̶ ϰ, ̶ ̾Ʊ ۵ ȭ̳ 繰鿡 ϴ Ѵ. ۽ ̷ а ٽ̶ . δ ġϰ, ̷ Ư ذ ؿ ȸεǾ Ѵٴ , ö ̾ ȴ. ̴ 谡 츮 ϴ ͻ̶ Ѵ. ǿ ϰ, ϴ ִ Ģ иġ ʴٴ ̶ ̻ Ѵ (ּ : Misak (1991), PP. 21-5.).
̻ ̷ Ҹ õ ۽ ° Ǻ ǿ ݷ ߴٰ .
ǿ ݷ ° ȭ Ͱ Ǿ߸ ϴ 迡 ǵ ̶ ̴ (ּ : Misak (1991), p. 26.)
ٽ ؼ Կ ǵǾٸ, װ ݵ Ѵ.
̷ ° ǿ ݷ ä ִ ǵǾ ̻е ̳ ϴ ̴. ̷ӰԵ ۽ ̻ κ ̱ ٰ ؼ ̻ ݵ ʴ´ٰ Ѵ. ǹϰ ߿ ̻ ְ, ǿڴ ٴ ̴. (CP 5. 423, 2.661, 5.422, 5.453, 5.597) ٽ ؼ ̻ й 迡 ϰ ڵ ۽ ̻а ̻ ϰ ߴ ̴. ̻ ٷ ̻а ̻ ǿ ݷ . (CP 8.191) (ּ : Misak (1991), p. 30.) ۽ ̻ ߿ а ̻ ϴٰ ٴ ָѴ. ۽ ̻ å װ ݿ ʰ, ̻ ڿٴ ǿ ȴ. (CP 6.5) ״ ̻ ̶ ߴ. (CP 6.5)
۽ ǿ Ư ᱹ ͳ ̿ܿ 3 ڷμ װ (abduction) Ͽٴµ ִ. ۽ ö ָ ̷̶ ִ. κп ڽ Ǹ ߽ װ ǿ ȿ ϴ ġ Ըϰ Ѵ.
(Burks) (Fann) 1891 ߿ ۽ ı ִٰ Ѵ. ߸ ߸ (inference) ٷ, ͳ, , ߸ ߸ Ҵٴ ̴. ݸ ı ߸ ȮǾ ϴ ȴ.
۽ , ͳ ʵ鿡 ߴ ٿ 縦 ߸ϴ , ߴ 츮 Ͱ ٸ Ѵ. (CP 2.640) ǥκ ͳ Է Ϲȭϴ Ͱ ߴ ǵ κ װ͵ ϱ Ϲ Ģ Ѵٴ ̴. ۽ "ڴ зϰ, ڴ Ѵ" ǥϰ ִ. (CP 2.623)
۽ ָӴ (CP 2.623) ͳ, , ߸ ° ȣ ȯ ش.
Ģ : ָӴϿ
Ͼ.
: ָӴϿ Դ.
?
: Ͼ.
ͳ
: ָӴϿ
Դ.
: Ͼ.
?Ģ : ָӴϿ
Ͼ.
Ģ : ָӴϿ
Ͼ.
: Ͼ.
? :
ָӴϿ Դ.
۽ " ´ ù° () Ģ õǾ , ° (ͳ) ° () ù° ̿ ٸ Ģ Ѵٴ Ǿ" (CP 2.807) . ϸ , 츮 ߸ Ϲ ְ, ̷ ̼ ٽ ִٴ ش. (CP 2.270)
Ʒ ٽ ŷеǵ ͳ й е ƴϰ, ۽ ڽ ǰ ̴. 켱 (Nicholas Rescher) õ . ſ ϸ, ۽ ͳ ̷п ' ͳ' ' ͳ' ' ͳ' . ͳ ʵ (uniform ; uniformity of nature) 迡 縦 ϸ, װ 'ݴ ʵ Ῡ' Ѵ. ϻ Ȱ ܼ Ϲȭ Ѵ. ۽ ̷ ͳ Ž ٸ Ѵٰ Ҵ.
ͳ ݸ Ž ־ ȿ뼺 ֵȴ. Ŵ ͳ ־ - , - μ (abduction) , - ˻μ (retroduction) Բ ν ̷ ľѴ. ۽ ߸ Ѵ.
, Ǵ Ȯ , ߴ ϴ ̿ ͳ ̷ ش. ־ Ȳ ٿ ٸ ״ װ 캸 Ư¡̳ װ͵ 迡 ָϰ, ״ װ ſ ̹ Ǿ ִ Ư¡ νϿ ٸ (, װ ʿ ) ̷ ûȴ. Ƿ ״ ̷ Ƶ鿩 ̻ 並 䱸ϴ ̷е Ͽ װ ڸ ϵ Ѵ. ο ϴ ̰, ̷ ǹ̿ ̴. (CP 2.776-777). |
۽ (retroduction) Ѵ.
ߴ ̷а Ҿ ϸ, ̷а ǰ ġ Ѵ. װ 䵵 â . ̴. ߶ Ÿ. ߴ ϰ ϱ ̷ ϴµ ִ. ߰ 缺 츮 繰 ִٸ, װ ٷ ٰѴٴ ǿ ִ. (CP 5.145) |
ǰ , Ϸ ϴ װ͵ ϱ ȴ. ̿ν ǿ ߾ ˻ȴ. ˻翡 ٸ 麸 Ƶ鿩 ˻翡 ȴ. ۽ ߴ ٸ ƴ϶ ̰ ˻鿡 ϴ ̶ ̴.
ͳ , εǴ ǥ ǥ μ Ѵ. Ű ϰ ϵ ͳ Է Ͽ ǥ ǥ ȴ. ͳ ϴ Ư¡ װ ڵ ڱ (self-monitoring) ڱⱳ (self-corrective) ̶µ ִ.
츮 ȳ , ͳ, ۽ 캸Ұ, ̿ ο ΰ װ , ͳ Ǵ μ ߸ Ͽ ְ Ǿ. ̹ ߵ ۽ ڽ Կ ߿ ü ȭ߰, ڿ װ ߿ ̾߱ ٵ鰣 ִ δٴ ̴.
ֱ īź (Tomis Kapitan) ϰ ϴ 翬ϸ鼭 ȹ μ 1900 ۽ ߷ ִ ߿ ߿ , Ͽ.
߸ (Inferential Thesis). ߴ ߸ Ǵ ̰ų װ Ѵ. (CP 5.188-189, 7.202)
(Thesis of Purpose). '' 1) ο ϴ ÿ 2) ϴ ̴. (CP 6.525) ߽ ǥ "ൿ뼱 õϴ " ̴. (MS 637:5)
(Comprehension Thesis). ̷е Ǵ ۵ Ѵ. (CP 5.590)
(Autonomy Thesis). ߴ ͳκ Ǹ ̳ ͳ ȯ Ұ ̰ų װ Ѵ. (CP 5.146)
īź 1900 ߿ ۽ ϴ 4 ذƲ ν ı ô θ Ȯϰ ľѴٴ ̴. ״ ߸ (abuductive inference) Ÿ缺 Ŀ ־߸ Ѵٴ ܼκ Ͽ ۽ ۵κ ⺻ ٸ ȭ ܶ мϰ ĵ Ͽ.
(F1) |
All As which are B are C. (Ģ : Rule) That A is C. ( : Result) Therefore, the A is B. ( : Case) |
(F2) |
1) The surprising fact, C is observed; 2) But if H were true, C would be a matter of course, hence, 3) there is reason to suspect that H is true. |
(F3) |
1) Some surprising fact C is observed. 2) If H were true then C would be a matter of course. 3) H is more economical than its envisioned competitors. Hence 4) H is more plausible than its envisioned competitors. |
(F4) |
1) Some surprising fact C is observed. 2) If H were true then C would be a matter of course. 3) H is more economical than its envisioned competitors. Hence, 4) H is more plausible than its envisioned competitors. Hence, 5) It is recommended, for one who desires an explanation of C, to further examine H. |
(F5) |
1) Some surprising fact C is observed. 2) If H were true the C would be a matter of course. 3) H is more economical than the envisioned competitors. Hence, 4) H is more plausible than its envisioned competitors. Hence, probationally, 5) H |
īź (F1) ̸, ۽ ڽ ϱ (F1) , ٰ Ѵ. ù° (F1) ڰ ( ) δϰ ߰, ° Ÿ ߷ ĵ Ǹ ߸ Ѵٴ ̴. (F1) ϸ鼭 ۽ ϴ ο ٴ ߴٴ īź ָѴ. ۽ 1903 ¿ (F2) ε, īź (F2) Ȯϰ Ѵٴ δٰ Ѵ. , Ȥų Ҿ ϸ ذå ǥ Ѵٴ ̴.
(F2) Ѵٴ īź ̴. ù°, ״ (F2) Ÿ ٴ Ѵ. (F2) κ H ̶ ִٴ ʴ´ٴ ̴. а ִ , ٰ װδ ̶ õ ʴ´ٴ ̴. ° (F2) Ŀ ִٰ īź Ѵ. ߴ Ϳ εǸ, ̶ ϴ ġٴ ̴.
(F2) ù° ϱ Ե ۽ (economy of research) ̴. ۽ ־ ټ ִٴ νϰ ־, ⼭ ߰ ϴ ° (hypothesis selection) ' ' ̶ Ʒ ϸ鼭 H ִٰ ߸ϴ H 쿡 ȭȴٰ ߴٴ ̴. (F2) H װͰ ϴ 麸 ̶ ϳ ߰Ǿ Ѵٰ īź ´. (F2) ° ϱ ؼ ȭϿ ϰ, ۽ ' ' (plausibility) ߴٴ ̴. (F3) ̴.
īź (F3) ߿ ۽ Ư¡ ݿϰ ִ° ɰϰ Ѵ. Ư ״ (autonomy thesis) ȴٴ (F3) ִ ϴ δ. ״ (F3) (Comprehension Thesis) ɰϰ Ƶ 並 ϴ ܰ踦 ݿ ̶ , Ư ̸ ܰ迡 ° ˾Ƴ (F3) ϳ ϳ Ѵ. ̴. 1) , ٰ ϴ Ǵ ģ Ͱ ģ ġνḸ ϰ, װ ٽ ؼ C ٰ ϴ Ǵ ̶ ̾߱Ⱑ ȴ. Ǵ ߸ ̶ īź Ѵ. 2) , H ̶ C 翬ϴٴ ǹ Ƶ̴ ü ߸ 깰̶ īź Ѵ. H ʿ ǹ ߸ Ĵ ִ. īź ۽ û (suggestion) ̻ ϵ ƴ϶ ÿ ۽ ٸ ؼ ̷ٴ и ߴٴ Ѵ. ڴ Ǵ ƴϸ, īź ű⼭ ߸ . ״ ߸ װ 츮 Ʒ ִٴ Ѵٰ . 3) ȣ ̷, ߸ 'ȣ ' (logic of preference) ̳ ' ' (logic of decision) ظǾ ̶ īź Ѵ.
״ Ư ܰ ܰ迡 ã Ѵ. (F3) ' ' (Thesis of Purpose) ó ߵ 뼱 õϴ° ʸ (F4) (F5) ȭѴ. 켱 īź (F3) 뼱 õϴ Ѵٰ ִĸ ´.
1) H ϴ ġ ִٰ ִ.
õ̶ ϱ ʹ ϴٴ īź ̴. ⼭ Թ ,
2) C ϴ H ؾ߸ Ѵ.
ʿ. īź ̷ Թ õ̳ ǰ ֱ ɰ ʴٴ ϸ,
3) H ϵ õȴ.
ڿ Ī ,
4) C ϴ ̿Դ H ϴ õȴ.
Ѵ. ư ״ ۽ ǹμ Ǿ Ѵٰ ߴٴ (MS 692:26) ϸ鼭 ,
5) H ʴ°? ,
6) H?
ִٰ . ̷ (F4) ̴.
(F4) ۽ ؽƮ յ ʰ, ־ ʴ´ٴ Ѵٰ īź Ѵ. ۽ ü γ Ƶ鿩 Ѵٰ ߴٴ ٰϿ īź Ư ä ¸ ǥ (F5) Ѵ.
캻 īź Ǵ ֱ Ƽī (Hintikka) Ŷ Ҵ. Ƽī ߶ ΰ? : νķ ٺ ۽ ν νķ ߽ ϳ âϿٰ ϸ鼭 , װ ο , װ ǴĿ Ͽ ָ Ǹ ƴ. ״ 켱 īź Ǹ Ͽ ߿ 뼳 ذ ϴ° ְ ־. ״ ̷ ǹ̷ ڱ ڽ ö ̷е ߿ ο ؼ ο ذå Ͽ. Ƽī Ǵ ٵ ε νķ ִ ΰŴν ۽ öл öл簡 ƴ϶ ó 츮 ־ٴ Ź ȸ ڶѴ. ο ؼ ذ ü Ǿ ̴. ƶ ߿ ߿ 뼳 ؼ ̶ ǹǷ Ǵ ϵ ϰڴ.
Ƽī ǵ īź (F1) ߰ 'ּ ߸' (inference to the best explanation) ̶ Ư ̶ ۽ װ ּ ̶ܳ ϱ Ͱ Ѵٴ Ѵ. (F2) ε, Ƽī װ͵ ʴ´ٰ Ѵ. ٵ, ߰ ո Ӹ ƴ϶ ߸ ִ ϱⰡ ϴٴ ̴.
߰ ּ ߸ ؼ ó θ ִ δ. īź ٷ ְ, ư (P. Lipton) ּ ߸ ɵ ְ ٷ (van Fraassen) Ģ Ī ̶ ִ. Ƽī Ư öڸ ʰ ؼ θ ִٰ ؼ ϰ ִ. 켱 ״ ؼ ġ ܼȭ ؼ̶ Ѵ. 켱 иġ ʴ. иġ ʴ. Ƽī ټ ȣϰ ִ ̷, ݱ ˷ Ǽ (explanandum) ߸ ϳ ٴ Ѵ. ˷ Ǽ ּ ߸ װ ϵ ȵ ٴ ̴. ּ ߸ Ǽ ߸ ϰ ִ ڰ ߸ ˷ ִ Ϳ Ѵ. ߹ ߸ ʱ ̴. Ǽװ ̷ ڿ ˷ ִ 쿡 ״ ̷ Ǽ Ѵٴ ִ. Ͽ Ƽī ߸ڴ ˷ Ϳ ߿ ߸ ˷ ͷκ װ ִ ̷̳ ܰ ٰ ´.
Ƽī ߿ ټ ּ ߸ ٰ Ѵ. ּ ߸ п ο ϴ ̶ų ̶ Ƽī ϸ Ѱ ̴. ״ ߸ ּ ߸ ؼ ۽ ؽƮ ȴٰ Ѵ. ״ ۽ ߰ ̹ ־ ִ ͵ ؾ߸ Ѵٰ ߴٴ ˰ ְ, ߿ ߸ ּ ߸ ؼ ϴٴ ͵ ˰ ִ. CP 6.525 ŷϸ Ƽī ۽ ߿ Ŀ ȣ ƴ ٸ ͵麸 ȣ ִٰ ߴµ, ּ ߸ ̵ ü Ǿ ǵ鿡 ÿ ̷ Ѵٴ ̹Ƿ ؼ ۽ ȴٰ Ѵ.
츮 п Ͽ ۽ ô ǿڵ öڵ鿡 ƴ° ܰ迡 ̸. Ƹ ǿ ߿ Ƽ (Pragmaticism) ǥν ۽ ڽ ٸ ǿڵ Ÿ ξ õϴ ̴. 1930 ~ 40 뿡 (positivism) Ծ (conventionalism) ȥ ų ۿ Ž ߿ ִ. ư (Reichenbach) ͳ ȭ å ۽ , Į йа ̵ , , Ʈ ģ 鵵 ǵ ġ ̴. ڴ ۿ ǵ ٵ Ͽ ۽ ֿ ҵ ȣ ΰŰ ۽ ɹ ƴ϶ ó 츮 Բ ִٴ ֱ ٽ ϴ ʼ̶ Ѵ. 1) ö ִ ϳ ̻ а ۽ 츮 ִ ϱ? 2) ǿ ݷ ǥ 迡 ִ ϱ? 3) а ̻ ȹ Ͽ ۽ 忡 츮 ΰ?
(ּ : Ժδ Ѵ.)
ֱ п ǵ ̵ Ʈ ȭ ΰ ٽ ľϰ ִ δ.
1) Ѵ.
2) п ϴ ̷ Ģ ٻ ̴. (ּ : Putnam, Meaning and the Moral Sciences (Boston : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 20 ; Richard Boyd ߤ ̶ Ѵ. 1) Theoretical terms in scientific theories (i.e., nonobservational terms) should be thought of as putatively referring expressions ; that is, scientific theories should be interpreted "realistically". 2) Scientific theories, interpreted realistically, are confirmable and in fact are often confirmed as approximately true by ordinary scientific evidence interpreted in accordance with ordinary methodological standards. 3) The historical progress of mature sciences is largely a matter of successively more accurate approximations to the truth about both observable and unobservable phenomena. Later theories typically build upon the (observational and theoretical) knowledge embodied in previous theories. 4) The reality which scientific theories describe is largely independent of our thoughts or theoretical commitments. Boyd, "The Current Status of Scientific Realism", in Scientific Realism, (ed.) J. Leplin, pp. 41-2 ; , : ο а Сѱмöȸ ( : öа ǻ, 1993) 495 ; η, : Ȳа öС6 (1995) 8-9 .)
Ƶ̸鼭 ɼ ִ. 翬 , ᱹ ̷ £ Ե ϰ ʿ䰡 Ǵ ̴. ⼭ ü ̻ ΰ? ̻ а ȣ Ÿΰ? Ʈ ǹ̿ ̻ ƴѰ? (ּ : 赿, Ʈ ' ' ǡа Сѱмöȸ, ( : öа ǻ, 1993), 281 .) ƴѰ? ¼ ʹ ִ ġ Ⱑ 䱸ȴ. ּ ̷ 鿡 ִ ġ Ⱑ 䱸ȴ. ּ ̷ 鿡 , ö μ ݽ װ Ѿ ϴ Ƽ , ۽ Ȳ ϴ Ư ġ ǹ ְ ǵ ̱ ̴.
̷ Ʈ 须̶ å Ȥڿ ó ̾߱ 巯 ִ (ּ : Putnam, The Many Faces of Realism, pp. 3-4.). ̾߱ ( Ȥ) ( ó) ׳Լ ģ ڿ å ϴ ׳ (, ĭƮ, ǿ, (Irrealist, ҽ ¸) κ ְڳ Ѵ. ó ڿ ' ' (common sense realist) ϱ⸦ Ѵ. , ڰ óడ ׳ ڿ å ƴϰ, ϴ , װ ̰ , ϼ Ѵٰ ̾߱ ̶ Ͷ߸. ׳ ׳డ װ ΰ ް Ǹ Ӱ ڿ å ׳ ü ִٴ ̴.
⼭ ڴ ϰ 鸸 ϴ ǰ ִ. ǹ̿ Ƿʷμ ﰢ ι Ƹ öڵ ƴ϶ 17 öڵ ̴. ֳϸ Ƹ ó ڷ óϴ ι 鸸 ϴ°, 츮 ϻ 鵵 Ѱ ϴ ̴. ٽ 鸸 ϴ°, ϻ 鵵 Ѱ ϴ ̴. Ʈ ڸ ̻ Ǵ 빮 R ϴ ̶ θ, ̿ Ŷ ۺ״´ (ּ : Ibid, 16-7 .) ÿ ״ иϰ å, ϰ (electron) , Ҽ (prime number) Ѵٰ Ѵ. Ʈ 1982 项̶ п ڽ и ִ. ϸ, ' ' Ǵ physicalism) ڽ ڰ ƴϴ. ״ ڽ ̻ ڰ ƴ϶ Ѵ. ݸ, ״ ڵ ڵ (Ǵ ) Ѵٴ ǹ̿ װ ǹ̵ Ϻ Ѵٰ ϴ ڶ ڽ ڶ Ѵ (ּ : Putnam, "Three Kinds of Scientific Realism" in Words and Life, pp. 492-8.). ̿ ٿ, Ʈ, Ȥڿ ó ̾߱ δ ϴ ̰, ٸ δ 'ܰ' ' λ' ' Ӽ' '' 17 ̾߱ ϴ οϰ ִ (ּ : Ibid.).
ǻ, .
: å, , ݺؾ ϻ Ѵ.
̻ : , Ҽ 鸸 Ѵ.
: å, , ݺؾ ϰ, , Ҽ 鵵 Ѵ.
: å, , ݺؾ Ѵٴ ǹ̿ , Ҽ ʴ´.
ٽ ϰ ̻ а ȣŸ Ǵ ƴ϶ ̴. Ʈ , ̻ а ڽ ǰ ִٰ . , 츮 Ƽ (R. Rorty) ʿ伺 ִ. 켱 Ƽ ָŸ ̹Ƿ ̴. (instrumentalism) ؼ Ƽ װ ϱ⺸ װ ü ǹ ν ս ó ̴. ״ Ǻ ڽ ϴٴ ü ʿ ʴٰ Ѵ. ڿ ؼ װ ̻ ϴ ѿ ŷ ٴ µ ̴.
̷ ùٸ ˵ ִٸ, ⼭ Բ ŷ ۽ ǿǸ ̴ , ṵ̂ ο ɼ ϰ ִ и (ּ : H. Putnam, Pragmatism (Oxford : Basil and Blackwell, 1995 ; Putnam, Meaning and the Moral Sciences, p. 130 ; Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1979), p. 296 . Ƽ ۽ ǿǰ ġ ʴٴ ݴ ־ Michael Williams, "Coherence, Justification, and Truth" Review of Metaphysics 34 (1980), pp. 243-72 ִ. Rorty, "Pragmatism, Davidson and Truth" Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, p. 130.). ۽ ǿǴ ŵ ε ʴ Ư ̱ ̴. 鿡 װ ̰, ߿ ۽ öڵ鵵 ̹ Ѵ. װ Ư¡ ٴ ̻ е ƴϰ ٰ е ƴϴ. ۽ ̻ ڵó ҹϰ Ҽ 鸸 Ѵٰ ʴ´. ״ Ƹ Ⱓ ڵ μ ̷п ñ ä ̷ ڵ Ѵٰ ̾߱ ̱ ̴. ۽ ڵó ݺؾ ϰ ڵ Ѵٰ ʴ´. ð Ž ٷ ۽ 縦 ̾߱ϰ, ڵ ϰ ϱ ̴.
⼭ ۽ ǿǰ ö ִ ϳμ а ݽ £ ħǥ شٴ ٰų ϴ Ѱ踦 Ѿ ̴. ߿ ۽ ǿǰ ǥ и ٸ ο 뺯Ѵٴ иٴ ϴ ̴. ٸ, ۽ 1 ö ϰ ϰ â ǥ ־?
ش ϴ 캻 ۽ μ ãƾ ̴. ۽ 信 , Ⱓ Ž ñ ϴ ̰ ȴ. ϶ ִ°? ۽ ̿ װ ִ ڱⱳ (self-corrective) ̶ ̰, װ ٸƴ ̴. ٽ ؼ /ݽ ο μ ۽ ǿǰ ϱ ڱⱳ Ȯִ μ ɼ̶ ִ.
Ǵ ߸ ȭ ̴. īź ߸ , ͳ, ߷ ϴ ٰŷμ ۽ δ ٸ Ž ܰ (CP 5.171, 6.475) , δ ߸ (CP 2.713, 6.472), δ (CP 2.619, 644) õ з ưٰ . īź ٰŷμ ۽ õ ߸ ° ȭǴ ٰŷ ϴ å Ͽ. ƶ 츮 ȭǴ Ŀ ۽ ִ (ּ : Kapitan (1997), pp. 488-90.).
켱 ߷ ༺ ȭȴ. (CP 2.778) ͳ ߸ Ȯϰ ȭǴµ, ֳϸ װ ߱ ᱹ ε Ϳ Ʋ ̱ ̴. (CP 2.725-740) ݸ ߸ ̷ ĵ鿡 ȭ ʴ´. װ '' κ ʿ Ѵ. īź ۽ ⼭ ּ ȭ å ߴٰ . 1) ȭ ȭ (The Evolutionary Justification), 2) ȣϴ ȭ (The Success Justification), 3) ڱ ȭ (The Desperation Justification).
ù° å , ΰ ڿĢ Ʒ ȭν ڿ ִ ٴ ϴ ڿ ִٰ Ѵ. (MS 876.5) ΰ װ ߰ ٸ ߰ϱ 繰 Ǿ ִٴ ̴. (CP 6.476) ° å , ʸ ټ ǥ 캸 ϴٴ 츮 ˰ ȴٰ Ѵ. (MS 637 : 6-9 ; CP 2.270, 786) ֳϸ ̴ ΰ ̰, 䱸ϱ ̴. (CP 5.603, NEM 4.320) ° å , ߴ ո ȹϰ (CP 2.777, 5.145) ո ̷ ൿ ϰ (CP 2.270) Ϸ 츮 (CP 2.786) ̶ Ѵ (ּ : Kapitan (1997), p. 489.).
īź ߵ, ù° ° ȭ ̾ٴ ϴ ݸ, ° å ȹ ؼ ִ. Ͽ īź ͳ (security) ȭǴ ݸ, ߴ 꼺 (uberity) ȭȴٰ Ǹ Ͽ (ּ : Kapitan (1997), p. 490.).
۽ ̾ٴ Ͼ ǽġ ʾҴٴ ǹ . 츮 п ϰ ִٴ , Ư ܱⰣ η ȹϿٴ ̶ ۽ Ͽ. ϳ ǽɹ´ ص ּ μ ۽ ° å ߸ ȭϷ δ.
(Goudge) ȭ Ͽ ̷ο Ѵ (ּ : Goudge (1950), p. 203 .). ʱ ۽ ȭ ָӴ ܼ ߸μ ȯ ߿ ͳ ߸ ȭϴ ̾. Ÿ ߸ ȯ ͳ ߸ ߸ ȭȴٰ Ҵ ̴. , 1880 뿡 ۽ Ÿ ȯ ȭ õߴٰ Ѵ. (analogical) ߸ ʸ ۽ Ȯ ߸ ظ ߸ ڰ ε м ִ. ۽ ٹ ߴٰ Ѵ. ü п Ǵ° ϴ ߰ л縦 ־ ظϴ ߽ɿ ġϰ ȴٰ Ѵ. ° ټ 캸Ƿ, ù° п 뿡 Ʈ (Comte), Ǫī (Poincare), Ǿ (Pearson) ǵ鿡 ۽ ߴ° 캸. ۽ ʾ ظ Ƶ . ״ ٴ ȥ ݿϴ Ҵ. ߵ ۽ ־ Ϲݼ Ǵ 3 (Thirdness) Ϻ̰ ߿ ȹǴ Ģ ڿ ͵鸸 ϴ 鸸 츮 Ͱ ̴. ۽ ̷ ش (phenomenalistic) ̰ ñ Ʒ (solipsism) ̶ ߴ (ּ : Goudge (1950), pp.206-7.). (CP 5.597 )
̷ο ߰ ƹ ִĴ ε, ۽ ؼ ϴ δٰ Ѵ. ۽ и ϴ δٰ Ѵ. ۽ и ظ Ұϴٰ ϴ Ž Ƽ ȴٰ ϴ ̼ 1 Ģ ϴ ó ߴ. (CP 1.135) ٸ ȯҰϿ ߰ ٴ ۽ ö Ϻζ Ѵ. , ̴. (CP 5.92, 1.405)
ᱹ п , 缺 ۽ ־ ǿ ݷ ϰ Ǵ ϰ ȭ ΰ ϴ ǰ ȴ. ߵ ⰰ ̻ κ Ϸ Ͽ ǿ ݷ ġ ϰ ȭ 츮 κ â ٿμ ߿ ü ؾ߸ ϴ Ͱ ̴. ٰ ǿ ݷ ٽ п ̰ ǰ ̴. ̷ ij ǿ ݷ ؾ ϴ ̴. Ͽ, ᱹ ۽ ̻а ̻ ϰ, ϴ ǿ ݷ ñ ̴.
а , ȹ ۸ θ ǵǾ, 丶 ̷ ö л лȸ Ȱ 뿡 а ŭ ִٴ е ΰŲ ߿ (L. Laudan) ȹ ϱ ߴ (ּ : лȸ й ڸ ۽ лȸ ߴٰ ϴ ߿ ̴. C. Mills ڻ ۽ лȸп ̶ Ѵ. ۽ л簡μ ̹ θ ˷ ִ.). ̷ 20 ö ۽ ν п ϵ .
۽ ó öö ڿ. װ ڷμ ó ǿ ݷ ȭ ֵ Ⱑ κ ҵ , Ư ̻ ҵ ̾ ǹ δ. ּ װ а Ằϰ ڿ Ģ, Ϲݼ, 3 (thirdness) Ȯϰ ״ ߿ϰ, ̻ ʼ δ. Ͽ ߸ Ϸ ̴ ۽Լ 游 ̻ ߸ ϴ ǿ ݷ ΰȴ.
ٸ ǿ ݷ ̻, ̻ΰ? 츮 ̻ ̳信 ۽ û ٵ ؾ Ӹ ƴ϶ ̻ ۽ ̻ Ž ߴ ؾ Ѵ. ̷ӰԵ ۽ ̻ Ž Ͽ ٺ ̶̻ Ȥ ޱ . ۽ ڿǿ ۽ ʿǷ Ͽ, ۽ ȿ ϴ 縳Ұ ⼺ ٵ ΰϿ (ּ : Goudge (1950), pp.5-7 ڿǿ ʿ ǰ õǰ ִ.). ۽ ̻п ʰ ʿ ̻п 浵 ϴ ǹ Ѿ ̴. ٷ ۽ ǿ Ǵ ڿ ̻ ڸ ãƾ Ѵ.
۽ ظϰ, ̻ κ ȣ ư ̻ ȣ Ʒ ö ȭ õ ۽ ڸ Ȥ ̻ ƴұ?