PID  controller

 

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Wikipedia : PID controller : A Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller is a standard component in industrial control applications. It measures an "output" of a process and controls an "input."

The basic idea is that the controller reads a sensor. Then it subtracts the measurement from a desired "setpoint" to determine an "error".

The error is then treated in three different ways simultaneously:

The sum of the above is added to the last output of the PID loop. This eliminates any constant offset in the control behavior.

The output variable is used to calculate the rate-of-change, rather than the error, because a change of setpoint induces a non-linear step-function in the error. This can make the loop oscillate. The output variable is always continuous, and yet still closely reflects the error's actual behavior.