PROBABILISTIC REASONING OVER TIME
AI in Modern Approach : Stuart Russell Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, 2003, Page 537~580
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p538
t
t
t
,
t = 0 t
= 1 t = 0
a b
p539
t
t
(1)
t
(2)
p540
±×¸² 1
±×¸² 2
t
x-axis ±1 x-coordinate
p541
1.
2.
X-Y
t = 1
p542
k > 0
k 0 ¡Â k < t
t t
+ 1
f
p543
t
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|
|
|
|
|
(3)
t
t = 0 t = 1
t = 1
t = 1 t = 2
p544
t = 2
t + k + 1 t + k
(4)
<0.5, 0.5>
(5)
1 ¡Â k < t k + 1 t
(6)
p545
±×¸² 3 k 1 t
1 k
(7)
1 k
t k + 1 1
1
t = 1 1 2
(8)
<.818, .182>
p546
O(t) k
O(t) t k
FORWARD-BACKWARD
(ev, 1, ..., t
0, ..., t 1, ..., t |
±×¸² 4
p547
O(|f|t) |f| O(|f|log t) log t
d d t t
d-step d
p548
±×¸² 5
t
t
(9)
1.
2.
m
p549
t t
1, ..., S S
S × S T
i j
t
p550
0
(10)
(11)
t S-element S × S
t S
k
f b f
b f t
d t - d t
t - d
p551
t d + 1
d
(12)
T O B
(13)
B
(14)
B f B
p552
FIXED-LAG-SMOOTHING(
hmm S × S T d t f
B d-step
t > d f
¡ç FORWARD (f,
B
¡ç B
¡ç t ¡ç t + 1 t > d NORMALIZE (f × B1) |
±×¸² 6 d
(X, Y, Z)
X - coordinate ¥Ä
d d-element ¥ì
d × d ¥Ò
p553
±×¸² 7
1.
(15)
2.
(16)
p554
¥á
p555
±×¸² 8
x-axis
(17)
(18)
p556
x
(19)
F H
(20)
¥ì
t + 1
p557
X - Y
4 × 4
±×¸² 9 X - Y
p558
±×¸² 10
p559
p560
±×¸² 11 X - Y
t
X - Y
p561
t = 22 t = 23
(t = 22)
p562
±×¸² 12 t = 21 t = 22 t
= 21
t = 25
p563
±×¸² 13
p564
±×¸² 14
O(t) O(t)
p565
N N
t t
p566
PARTICLE-FILTERING (e, N, dbn) e N dbn
S
N W N i = 1 N S[i]
¡ç W[i]
¡ç S ¡ç WEIGHTED-SAMPLE-WITH-REPLACEMENT (N, S, W) S |
±×¸² 15 PRIOR-SAMPLE WEIGHTED-SAMPLE-WITH-REPLACEMENT O(N)
N
N t
(21)
N t
+ 1 t
p567
±×¸² 16 N =
10 t
t + 1
t + 1
t + 1
t + 1
p568
p569
Vowels |
Consonants B-N |
Consonants P-Z |
|||
Phone |
Example |
Phone |
Example |
Phone |
Example |
[iy] [ih] [eh] [æ] [ah] [ao] [ow] [uh] [ey] [er] [ay] [oy] [axr] [aw] [ax] [ix] [aa] |
beat bit bet bat but bought boat book bait Bert buy boy diner down about roses cot |
[b] [ch] [d] [f] [g] [hh] [hv] [jh] [k] [l] [el] [m] [em] [n] [en] [ng] [eng] |
bet Chet debt fat get hat high jet kick let bottle met bottom net button sing washing |
[p] [r] [s] [sh] [t] [th] [dh] [dx] [v] [w] [wh] [y] [z] [zh]
[-] |
pet rat set shoe ten thick that butter vet wet which yet zoo measure
silence |
±×¸² 17
[s iy l ih ng] [s
iy l ix ng] [s iy l en] t
t
p570
n n-dimensional
±×¸² 18
p571
n > 2
k
k k n k
[t] [s] [w]
p 572
[w] [w(s,iy)], [w] [s] [iy]
n
[t ow m ey t ow] [t ow m aa t ow] [t ow m ey t ow] [t ow m aa t ow]
[t] [ow] [t ah] [t ow]
[m]
p573
±×¸² 19 [ow] [ah]
±×¸² 20 [m]
p574
t
n
p575
Word |
Unigram count |
Previous words |
|||||||
of |
in |
is |
on |
to |
from |
model |
agent |
||
the on of to is model agent idea |
33508 2573 15474 11527 10566 752 2100 241 |
3833 1 0 0 3 8 10 0 |
2479 0 0 4 6 1 3 0 |
832 33 29 450 1 0 3 0 |
944 2 1 21 4 1 2 0 |
1365 1 0 4 2 14 3 0 |
597 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 |
28 0 88 9 47 6 0 0 |
24 6 7 82 127 4 36 0 |
±×¸² 21
p
p576
3pW
A* decoder
A* n n W
W
p579
t + 1
p580
t t + 1
[eh]